Micheal Redkin and Math Basics :: essays research papers

In order to create a graph such as the one Ms. Redkin practice sessions to calculate the dispraise of her rental crime syndicate, first it must be recoverd which part of the information abandoned is the dependant versatile and which is the independent variable. In this case the independent variable is time (in years), and the dependent the protect of the house. Next create a graph with the given data, the independent variables on the x-axis and the dependent on the y.Graph and label the given data as points (4 yrs, $64000) and (7 yrs, $52000), allow the graph to represent the houses value from when it was new to 10 years after its purchase. Graph a note of hand from these two points, now you may follow the line to catch out the approximate value of the house at certain years of depreciation. In order to find the value of the rental house after ten years, follow the line previously graphed to 10 on the x-axis. The y value you should receive should be 40,000, and if you were scrutinizing for the value of the house when it was new, the graph shows $80,000 at 0 years. Another example of how this graph may be used is in finding which year the house reaches a certain value. In order to find out which year the houses value becomes 55,000 follow the graphed until you come upon the value of 55,000. The x value associated with the value 55,000 is 5 years, so the answer is the rental house pass on depreciate in value to 55,000 at 5 years.The slope of the line will be required to find many other answers to questions you may have cin one caserning the house and its depreciation. To determine the slope of the line,use the given points of (4,64000) and (7,52000) in the equation (y2-y1)/(x2-x1), that is determine the change in y divided by the change in x which is the slope. (52000-64000)/(7-4) is the specific equation we will need for this line, the solution, -4000 is the slope of the line once simplified. One way to use the slope is to formulate an equation which will relate the value of the house to the number of years depreciated. Let V viewpoint for the value, and t stand for the number of years it has been depreciated. To complete this equation we will also need to know the y intercept so we may use the

The Value and Necessity of Public Relations Essay -- Human Resources

Public Relations argon the actions of a corporation, store, government, individual, etc., in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, etc. Things we learned from Public Relations are provides a better understanding of the company, promotes brand image, and it is helps the company advance a good reputation. Public relations provides a better understanding of the company because it provides insight on what the company is up to and how things are running. Customers can always find out if the company is planning to launch a new product or sentiment of innovations on already made products. Additionally, customers can find out about events revolving around a certain product. Therefore, the customer can attend the events that are musical accompaniment a charity or a product. Likewise, Public Relations promotes brand image by holding events and plastering the brand all over. There are certain events that are supported by one type of candy. Her shey partners with activities and events that in return promote the product throughout the event. Lastly, Public Relations helps the company keep a good reputation. Hershey provides opportunities where customers can come and experience the product before purchasing it. For example, Public Relation has held events in different states to promote different brands. A big campaign that happened last summer was surrounded by Smores. It was called Say Smores and it was intended to encourage families to create Smore summer memories. The campaigns consisted of contestants taking pictures of their favorite Smores moments and posting them to Facebook. There would be three monthly winners and each would receive awards varying from roasting skewers set, picnic blanket and... ...re certified not only in the U.S. but in major countries. The confections industry can be taken to a whole new level because of banquet to different countries companies are than reaching other cultures. There is a w hole new world outside of what we are used to. A product that zippo has thought of now could possibly become a top selling product in the future because of the influence given from another part of the world. whole kit and caboodle Citedhttp//www.pwrnewmedia.com/2011/hershey/smores/index.htmlhttp//www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reeses-sweetens-ncaa-march-madness-with-perfect-pick-promotion-and-annual-college-all-star-game-142095723.htmlhttp//www.alexgpr.com/2011/08/hersheys-pr/(http//www.thehersheycompany.com/social-responsibility/csr-report.aspx(http//www.hersheystrackandfield.com/about.aspx)(http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-public-relations.htm)

Sexual Exploitation of Women in the Developing World Essay -- Sex Slav

evolution of Women in the Developing WorldThe modern world today is proud to recognize the equality that has been acknowledged between age, gender, and race. Women are beginning to be treated as equals with men, in new customs, lifestyle, society, and economy. Today, women are freer and are emancipate from their traditional roles as housewives, and are pursuing their hopes and dreams. However, this is not the case in many regions of the world. In the developing countries, thousands of females are dehumanized by whoredom and the trafficking of women and children is dehumanizing which serves simply to benefit men. It exploits and violates the rights of women in the developing world. Sexual exploitation, which includes sex tourism, bride trade, temporary marriages, and sexual violence such as rape, incest, and sexual harassment, has escalated throughout the 20th century and has perish an enormous concern. Today, slavery is defined as a social and economic relationship in which a pe rson is controlled through violence or its threat, pay nothing, and economically exploitedsex trafficking is a modern day form of slavery (Bales). The reason why governments do not help the women in prostitution is because the sex industry generates profits amounting to billions of dollars, necessary to pay off the countrys debts. The governments convince themselves, and the public, that they help facilitate womens employment opportunities and statistics by legitimizing prostitution. politically vulnerable and economically weak countries were opened up as tourist destinations, and large numbers or male tourists bought sexual adventure in external countries as the businesses of the sex tourism were established. The promotion of sex tourism generated generous amounts of income for the sex industry as well as for the government, due to the vacations that people from develop countries take to take advantage of these foreign prostitutes. In some cultures, the established role of femal es has been long facilitated by the traditional systems of religion, resulting to prostitution. Trafficking is assisted by recruiters (who accompany the char to the new country), the traffickers, and the pimps who are in centering of the brothels and sex clubs that the women end up in. Although there is an extensive amount of evidence that these people are in charge of the continuation o... ...uld not be tolerated they have the human right to live freely in a society without turning to prostitution as the sole(prenominal) way to survive.Works CitedBales, Kevin. New Slavery A Reference Book. California, 2000.Budapest Group, The Relationship Between Organized Crime and Trafficking in Aliens. Austria International Centre for Migration polity Development, June 1999.Canadian Woman Studies, Migration, Labour and exploitation, Trafficking in Women and Girls. York University Publication, 2004.Clark, Bruce and Wallace, John. Global Connections Canadian and World Issues. Prentice Hall, T oronto, 2003. Pearson Education Canada Hechler, David. Child Sex Tourism. New York Dont debauch Thai. May 2001International Organization for Migration, Trafficking and Prostitution The Growing exploitation of migrant women from Central & Eastern Europe, 1995.International Organizations for MigrationLucky Star Online Casino, Prostitution and the Sexual Exploitation of Women, 2002.Peoples Daily Online, Chinese Proposes Efforts to Eliminate Sexual Exploitation against Women, 2003.World Revolution, Overview of Global Issues, human rights and social justice, 2002.

Bush Imposes Gag Rule :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Bush Imposes Gag Rule   On January 25, 2001, on his first business day in office (and the twenty-eighth anniversary of Roe v. Wade, the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision establishing a womans right to an abortion), chairman George W. Bush stupidly re-imposed the Global Gag Rule on the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) population program. This policy restricts foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that receive USAID family planning funds from using their own, non-U.S. funds to provide legal abortion services, tap their own governments for abortion law reform, or even provide accurate medical counseling or referrals regarding abortion. See what damage he is doing The 1973 Helms Amendment is a legislative provision that already restricts U.S. funds from being used for these activities, but Bush had to get involved for political purposes.   About 2 million women die every year from unsafe abortions, a statistic that could be virtually eliminated by the provision of appropriate wellness information and services and law reform efforts. Despite this, President Bushs Executive Memorandum directs USAID to reinstate in full all of the requirements of the Mexico City Policy in effect on January 19, 1993. According to this policy, foreign organizations--often the unaccompanied health c ar providers in remote, rural areas--are prohibited from using their own, non-U.S. funds for * providing legal abortions even, can you believe, where a womans physical or mental health is endangered (the only exceptions are in cases of rape, incest, or where the womans life is endangered) * providing advice and information regarding the availability and benefits of abortion and from providing referrals to another health clinic * lobbying their own governments to legalize abortion, to maintain current law and compensate restrictions, or to decriminalize abortion and * conducting public education campaigns regarding abortion.   In addition, eve n the provision of services that are permitted1 on paper, such as life-saving abortions and post-abortion care, are often curtailed because NGOs fear jeopardizing their funding through any association with abortion - what cowardice Providers may even be reluctant to dispense emergency contraception--which acts to observe pregnancy and is not an abortifacient (despite the lies you may hear from the antichoice groups and the Catholic Church --because of the Global Gag Rule.

Pros and Cons of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay -- Artificial Sweetene

High-Fructose Corn SyrupAbstractHigh-fructose gamboge syrup is a commonly utilize artificial sweetener in foods. High-fructose corn syrup is a hydrolyzed version of cut-and-dry corn syrup, which is produced via a steeping process. It is so widely apply because it is both economically favorable and it helps to preserve food for extended periods of time. However, the drawbacks of high-fructose corn syrup include issues like potential obesity, diabetes, loss of liver function, malnutrition, and cancer. The fact that the producers of high-fructose corn syrup can deceive people that HFCS is harmless makes matters worse.High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is an artificial sweetener commonly used in the United States. As its holler implies, this sweetener is derived from agricultural corn. All high fructose corn syrups are corn syrups whose fructose content has been increased via enzymatic processes and then mixed with small corn syrup. There are several different formulations of high-fru ctose corn syrup. The product sold in the United States (HFCS 2) has the following composition moisture, 29% dry substance, 71% D.S. dextrose, 50% D.S. ash, 0.03 D.S. and nitrogen, 0.002% D.S. The amounts of dextrose, fructose, and other saccharides may vary slightly in HFCS 3, but the analysis is fairly consistent. HFCS 1 hasnt been commercially sold specifically for consumer exercise in the U.S. for many years. Instead, it is used by food producers in their products.2The process by which high fructose corn syrup is made is complicated. To start, ordinary corn syrup must be obtained. Then, enzymatic processes increase its original sweetness. To produce the basic un-enhanced corn syrup, wet milling is a commonly used technique. Wet-milling includ... ...Jones. 2006. 24 July 2008. .Forristal, Linda. The Murky World of High-Fructose Corn Syrup. Westonaprice.org. Ed. Linda Forristal. 2003. 24 July 2008. .Inglett, George E. Symposium Sweeteners. Westport, Connecticut The Avi Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.HFCSFacts.com. 2008. The Corn Refiners Association. 25 July 2008.Steindom, Joel. My Food Manifesto, Part One The Bad News. Steidom.com. Ed. Joel Steindom, Heather Steindom. 2007. 24 July 2008. .National Academy of Sciences (U.S.). Sweeteners Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences, 1975.Lachmann, Alfred. Starches and Corn Syrups. New Jersey Noyes Data Corporation., 1970.

Pros and Cons of High Fructose Corn Syrup Essay -- Artificial Sweetene

High-Fructose corn SyrupAbstractHigh-fructose corn syrup is a commonly used artificial lure in foods. High-fructose corn syrup is a hydrolyzed version of ordinary corn syrup, which is produced via a steeping process. It is so widely used because it is both economically favorable and it helps to economize food for extended periods of time. However, the drawbacks of gamey-fructose corn syrup include issues like potential obesity, diabetes, loss of liver function, malnutrition, and cancer. The fact that the producers of high-fructose corn syrup can deceive heap that HFCS is harmless makes matters worse.High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is an artificial sweetener commonly used in the United States. As its name implies, this sweetener is derived from agricultural corn. All high fructose corn syrups are corn syrups whose fructose content has been increased via enzymatic processes and then mixed with pure corn syrup. There are some(prenominal) different formulations of high-fructose cor n syrup. The product sold in the United States (HFCS 2) has the following composition moisture, 29% dry substance, 71% D.S. dextrose, 50% D.S. ash, 0.03 D.S. and nitrogen, 0.002% D.S. The amounts of dextrose, fructose, and other saccharides may part slightly in HFCS 3, but the analysis is fairly consistent. HFCS 1 hasnt been commercially sold specifically for consumer consumption in the U.S. for many years. Instead, it is used by food producers in their products.2The process by which high fructose corn syrup is made is complicated. To start, ordinary corn syrup must be obtained. Then, enzymatic processes increase its original sweetness. To produce the basic un-enhanced corn syrup, wet milling is a commonly used technique. Wet-milling includ... ...Jones. 2006. 24 July 2008. .Forristal, Linda. The Murky World of High-Fructose Corn Syrup. Westonaprice.org. Ed. Linda Forristal. 2003. 24 July 2008. .Inglett, George E. Symposium Sweeteners. Westport, Connecticut The Avi Publishing Compa ny, Inc., 1974.HFCSFacts.com. 2008. The Corn Refiners Association. 25 July 2008.Steindom, Joel. My Food Manifesto, Part One The Bad News. Steidom.com. Ed. Joel Steindom, Heather Steindom. 2007. 24 July 2008. .National academy of Sciences (U.S.). Sweeteners Issues and Uncertainties. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences, 1975.Lachmann, Alfred. Starches and Corn Syrups. New Jersey Noyes Data Corporation., 1970.

Importance of Matrifocal family in the caribbean Essay

The Matrifocal family Is very prominent in the Caribbean. This is noted more as among people of Africans in the regions. Reasons for this diversity, Cultural Retention, Plantation system of rules of slavery, SOCIO economic and the culture of property. Cultural retention, Melville Herkevitts was one of the first researchers to trace the African Origin of the slaves who came to the Americans he believed that despite attempts to strip Africans slaves ot their cultural heritage the practice ot polygyny was hold from the practice. affected by bonding and closeness of fuss and child because the husband/ father was somewhat marginal.This pattern remained in the Caribbean society especially about glare class people of African descent. Plantation system, there is the belief that the persistence of the Matrifocal family can be seen as a consequence of the plantation system of slavery, M. C. metalworker wrote that under plantation slavery stables families were not given a chance to develop unions of whatever sort, were often broken up as slaves were sold. The unit of mother and child was less likely to be torn apart than a unit of man, woman and child, males were denied family rights which resulted in a system of female centeredness therefore became marginalise.Women straightway lead their families. It is a well-organized social group which represents a positive adaptauon to the circumstances of poverty. By not tying herself down to a husband. the mother is able to bear on causal relationships with a number of men who can provide her with financial support. The above Information shows that the Matrlfocal family can be regarded as a form of family twist in its own right. It is therefore Important because it shows that a woman doesnt need a man to take care of her and her family, she If fully cable of performing twain tasks all by herself. so Matrltocal family Is very Important.

Barbara Bush’s address to Wellesley College Graduates in 1990

Barbara pubic hairs address to Wellesley College graduates in 1990 has revealed significant inconsistencies in Bushs ability to evaluate unlike audience. In the light of several critical remarks and the desire to address Wellesley audience on equal terms, Barbara Bushs commencement address remains a intelligent example of ones inability to perform a thorough rhetorical research before a pitch is delivered to the target audience.This cogency sound snobby, but Barbara Bushs commencement speech at Wellesley did not produce the desired effect for the audience, the speech has turned into an instrument of humourous evaluation of Bushs rhetoric capabilities. Mrs. Bush started her speech with a special referral to Robert Fulghums story about pastor and a small young lady who wanted to be a mermaid. Now this little girl knew what she was and she was not about to give up on either her identity, or the game (Bush).Taking into report that Wellesley College is a purely female environment (female students only), Barbara Bush might have implied that women do have a chance to find their place under the sunlight furthermore, women should be able to protect their position and views against all odds.In reality, Barbara Bush was trying to emphasize the importance of diversity in education dwarfs, giants, wizards and mermaids were used as metaphors and plausibly referred to different ethnic groups. Diversity, life anything worth having, requires effort (Bush).Taking into account that 6% of Wellesley students atomic number 18 African Americans, and 26% are of Asian Pacific origin (Petersons Planner), Barbara Bush might have succeeded in embracing diversity issues in her speech, but she has evidently failed to make her speech humorous.It is very probable that in her speech Barbara Bush forgot that she was speaking to women graduates. Wellesley graduates had passed a long way to getting Bachelors degree in arts they were looking forward to finding their well-disposed place under sun.For some unknown reasons, Bush has initially placed special emphasis on the importance of marriage and children for women, forgetting about their future professionalism and life history growth. Although her referral to children must come first was very objective and correct, Bush seemed to speak about the importance of her own marriage, and not about those who were in front of her. Barbara Bush was trying to expand the boundaries of traditional female social vision for over fifty years it was said that the winner of Wellesleys annual hoop induce would be the first to get married. So I want to offer a new legend the winner of the hoop race will be the first to realize her dream (Bush). That passage could potentially become a very good ending of Bushs speech, but it has only created some other rhetoric controversy the linguistic parallel between the hoop race and the future professional life opportunities for Wellesley graduates contradicted the previous marriage-driven set of Bushs thoughts.ConclusionPublic speeches are the instruments of evaluating ones rhetoric abilities. Speeches are also the keys to ones true identity. Barbara Bushs commencement address to Wellesley graduate students is a bright example of how speeches should not be delivered. Various linguistic speech elements should be used appropriately to fit particular audience. Although Barbara Bush was trying her best to incite Wellesley graduates, her speech has been a set of separate contradicting thoughts.As a result, Bushs speech has turned into the means of evaluating her weak abilities to speak to hostile audience.Works CitedBush, B. P. Commencement underwrite at Wellesley College. 1990. American Rhetoric. 15 June 2008. http//www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/barbarabushwellesleycommencement. htm.Petersons Planner. Wellesley College Overview. 2008. Petersons Planner. 15 June 2008. http//www. petersons. com/ugchannel/code/InstVC. asp? inunid=9608&sponsor=1.

Ground Water Pumping Through Water Privatization Environmental Sciences Essay

Approximately 30 % of full worldwide land country includes populated waterless and semi-arid countries. The major obstruction to socio sparing development in these countries is wet deficits. The indispensable political orientation for the allotment of pee resources are effectiveness, equity, and sustainability, with the enterp betterment of give the extreme advantage for society, environment and scotch system, at the same clip as to keep sure allotment amid interact countries and people. Sustainable economic development in waterless and semi-arid countries relies a kitty on sustainable body of water resource direction.The limpid allotment of water resources needs a many-sided balance between demand and supply, in assorted economic sectors peculiarly athwart sub-areas in waterless and semi-arid clime countries. Regional development planning demands to integrate economic aims with issue including historical, technological, and natural resource restraints. Jointly, these facto rs final result public distri providedion, economic construction and paradigm of ecology and hence, the extent of piss distributed for these intents in waterless and semi-arid countries. Regional community, economic and ecological unsimilarity necessitate crabby sustainable development schemes in state of H2O scarceness. This survey assesses the feasibleness of different techniques for supplying fresh H2O to arid parts of the universe.BackgroundBrisk industrialisation, urbanisation, and population maturement in waterless states are exerting lifting force per unit area on local H2O governments and H2O contrivers to satisfy the emergent urban H2O demand. Since handiness of conventional beginnings of fresh H2O deficiencies for imbibition custom, saltwater H2O desalinization, in accretion to partial groundwater resources, are the main H2O supply beginnings for urban use. In last two decennaries, urban H2O emphasis has increased well, owing to fast urbanisation and industrialisati on, population suppuration and development in life criterions.Facts and FiguresWith a surging mean growing rate of over 3.4 % the population amplified from around 17.688 million in 1970 to 38.52 million in 1995. It is predicted to acquire to 81.25 million in 2025. The urban population is anticipated to go up from 60 % in 1995 to over 80 % in 2025. Curriculum has been made for improved escape control in webs of house servant H2O. They charter been anyway turn backd for effluent intervention and usage once more for industrial and irrigation usage. Water management-related ordinances and Torahs have been designed, numbering those to diminish H2O demands and losingss. Uncontrolled escapes add well to shoal water-table formation and contagious disease of shoal and deep aquifers. The ut intimately pumping from local aquifers to accommodate the turning urban H2O demand effects in significant turn down in H2O degrees. This is declining in groundwater quality. At adequately brawny pumpin g rates the demand is assay to be fulfilled, leads to stream flow depletion.With a changeless addition in urban demand for H2O and sanitation, confront to accommodate these demands are lifting. To building more, pricy desalinization workss would be hard. The difference can be resolve with the preliminary portion of new and modern statute law and institutional actions. This can besides be done by taking on advanced techniques in water-demand decrease, effluent reuse sweetening and decrease of H2O production, intervention and distribution costs.Land Water Pumping through Water denationalizationWater denationalization was taken on in 1989 by Margaret Thatchers authorities. It privatized ten once public regional H2O and sewage companies in Wales and England in the class of disinvestment. In chorus the economic regulative bureau OFWAT was shaped. The Drinking Water Inspectorate ( DWI ) was positioned in 1990 to look into H2O safety and quality. Water denationalization since so is a cont roversial issue in England and Wales. A survey by the Public Services International Research Unit ( which is affiliated with trade br separatehoods ) , that opposes denationalization in 2001 declared that duty amplified by 46 % in existent footings in the first nine old ages and investings were reducedOperating dis smudge incomes have doubled ( i.e.+142 % ) in eight old ages and public wellness was endangered by cut-offs for non-payment.Denationalization helped subscribe off the industry s & A lb 4.95 billion debt. Privatization editorialist disputed in 1997 that infrastructure-mainly sewers-were non equal. in addition, OFWAT was blamed of non measuring company public presentation with marks. The critics said that OFWAT has chosen net income over supplying a assured degree of services.Conversely, a World Bank article disagree that the reformssix old ages after and before denationalization investings were $ 17b and & A lb 9.3bn severally which has certainly risen after denatio nalization brought about conformance with strict imbibing H2O criterions. Besides headed to a higher quality of river H2O.There are besides 16 largely smaller H2O merely companies in England and Wales that have been in private owned since the nineteenth century. In Scotland and Northern Ireland H2O and sewage services have remained in public ownershipDesalinationTo turn saltwater into imbibing H2O, the first large-scale desalinization works for domestic and industry usage in the UK opened on Wednesday 2 June 2010.Facts and FiguresThe desalinization workss capacities vary from 1000 to 789 864 m3/day. In 1990 and 1997, the universe desalinated H2O production was approximately 33 % for the entire domestic and 38 % for industrial demand. By 2025, desalinization production is predictable to be about 54 % of the entire domestic and industrial claim. The Ro workss need mechanical button formed by pumps those work on electricity. About 3.5-9 kWh is necessary to fabricate 1 M3 of desalinat ed saltwater. The energy demand depends on the salt degree of the H2O input. Besides depends on efficiency of pump and the procedure design. A single-stage works of high efficiency degree, needs around 4 kWh/m3 and 0.5-2.5 kWh/m3 to bring forth 1 M3s of sensible quality H2O from saltwater and salty groundwater. The usage of a low-pressure membrane reduces the energy ingestion by 25-40 % , particularly when utilizing low-salinity H2O.DamDams are made to incorporate H2O, halt implosion therapy and bring forth hydroelectric power. Dams make available a H2O supply for irrigation, domestic demands and industrial application. Lakes and reservoirs are made since 19thcentury in UK. The most important resource for constructing a dike is funding. In the UK, the figure of immense dikes grew quickly during the nineteenth century from around 10 to 175. By 1950, the rate of growing about doubled. After 1950, building positioned itself at a rate of 5.4 dikes per twelvemonth. the UK today has a amo unt of 486 dikes. In Europe, the entirety of dike is lifting easy. The basic ground beingness that appropriate sites are going less and environmental concerns go turning.Large dikesThe six biggest reservoirs are positioned in the Volga river system in Russia. The two largest are Kuybyshevskoye ( 6450 km2 ) and Rybinskoye ( 4450 kilometer ) . Spain ( approx. 1200 ) , jokester ( approx. 610 ) , Norway ( approx. 364 ) and the UK ( approx. 570 ) have largest figure of reservoirs.Environmental Issuesa figure of environmental issues are raised by Reservoir building in both edifice and completion phases. On shuting the dike, the H2O degree in the reservoir rises, ensuing in cardinal alterations in the country inundated with the H2O. Like loss of farming area, flooded colonies and the groundwater tabular get raised. Once the reservoirs are made, two sorts of environmental jobs take topographic pointMake the reservoir inappropriate for its intent. Algae and toxic substances in them make i mbibing H2O inappropriate.Evoke ecological weakening of the river system, peculiarly downstream of these reservoirs.Large dikes break off the natural permanency of a river. Reservoirs alter the hydrological rhythm, therefore altitude many other ecological effects like go forthing fewer engendering sites for migratory fish. Additionally, reservoirs grasp suspended map largely sand fluxing into them. This decreases the suspended affair weight to make downstream and in the terminal to the sea. Lack of sand at the sea pilots coastal eroding.DecisionConstructing dike is really dearly-won and besides gives rise to a figure of environmental issues as discussed above. Ground H2O pumping and H2O privatizing besides has risen many inquiries refering to H2O degree and environment concerns vis- & A agrave -vis net income devising. The best option which should be taken in front by authorities is H2O Desalination. Though the one clip investings are high but the job of H2O allotment can be lim ited with its supplies. Commissariats to bring forth biofuels for the Thames desalinization works have been done, still till they are place energy ingestion will stay an issue.RecommendationAll the above treatments focus on carry throughing the demand by one method or the other. Still other manner is to convey down the domestic and industrial demand. Legislation ought make more work to stop leaking pipes and diminish the mean H2O usage of clients by repairing more H2O metres and better publicities activities.

Comparative Analysis on Belonging of Romulus

The 1961 novel Revolutionary Road by author Richard Yates links strongly with the autobiographical state Romulus, My Father, by Raimond Gaita, and in so doing provides a greater understanding of the concept of Belonging. It charts the disintegration of the marriage of Frank and April bicycler as they struggle against the oppressive submission of suburban 1950s America. The texts together explore the processes undergone by the individual in their integration to society and its organic cultural groups.Revolutionary Road posits as its central idea that life is entirely and inescapably, not only on the surface but right down to the core of military man nature an act. each action of the characters in the novel, every single piece of behavior, thought, and reasoning are based on a structure of systematic etiquette. The central protagonist, Frank Wheeler phrases this concept perfectly in the way he describes the speech of his wife as having a quality of play-acting, of slightly fals e intensity, a way of seeming to speak less to him and more to some quixotic abstraction.Though set in the cultural dead-end of the United States in the 1950s, a time when the American dream, entirely achieved, was beginning to ring hollow it could easily be from any context that could be regarded as a society the text implying a horse sense of general universality of its central posit. The book shows that in any attempt for acceptance, true self expression will be limited much severely so. Contrastingly, Romulus, My Father appears to espouse an entirely opposite premise that an honestly of character equates to moral dangerousness, nonetheless in the face of great adversity, and will recreate a sense of ful? led connection in life. As Gaita puts is Character was the central moral concept for my father and Hora. Romulus retains his own identity, despite the barriers it creates in a society that seeks to assimilate and it is this very attribute that allows him to belong to h is family and those he loves. Romuluss ideals are based entirely on his true feeling, not prescribed to a speci? c formula of action and reaction such as is the case in Revolutionary Road his values are what make him. Upon further analysis, however, this is no less a conformity to protocol than that of Frank and April.Gaita states that the sense given to me by my father and Hora, of the contrast between malleable laws and conventions made by human beings to reconcile and suit their many interests, and the uncompromising authority of morality, always the judge, never but the servant of our interests, the perception of his son that certain rules are entirely splinterproof and inarguable is, in itself, a baseless social construct. No real contrast between human convention and morality actually exists. Morality was for him as substantially a part of reality as the natural facts of human action and motivation. To belittle the feelings of Frank Wheeler as in some way less maneuver tha n Romuluss is also incorrect, both use feeling based reasoning to choose one of several possible options, open to them as a leave alone of combination of circumstance and the system they take as inarguable, infallible law. Gaita attempts no higher argument for the inherent goodness of his father than his strict obedience and conformist attitude to a moral viewpoint, and makes no further argument for the de? nition of what good is beyond what one perceives to be good.Both are, at root, based on entirely zip fastener at all to call one moral and the other etiquette is a farce, both are mere social construct, built by cultural conditioning, to rear and maintain a system of behavior deemed correct for no true reason. They only exist as objectively unchangeable so long as their creators and keepers believe them to be so. So, to avoid the true baselessness of their society and every matter the believe in, the protagonists of both texts resort to a method of delusion just as strong as that which they infer to abhor.In Revolutionary Road, Yates uses a technique of not matching the internal dialogue or self-perception of his characters to the events of the plot or speech. Frank Wheeler will often imagine conversations in his head, or prescribe to himself some false grandiosity in his lines contrasted to a third person narrative voice, which reveals the scene to be ordinarily uneventful and mediocre. April envisions herself a whole world of marvelous golden people somewhere ho made their lives work out the way they wanted without even trying, who never had to make the best of a bad job because it never occurred to them to do anything less then perfectly the ? rst time. Sort of heroic super-people, all of them attractive and witty and calm and kind, and I always imagined that when I did ? nd them Id suddenly know that I Belonged among them, that I was one of them, that Id been meant to be one of them all along, and everything in the meantime had been a mistake a nd theyd know it too. Id be like the ugly duckling among the swans. The Wheelers believes in something greater, something more, and that they a worthy part of it when in reality, such a thing is simply non-existent. All they truly have is the mediocrity of their suburban prison, and the paradox of a world which, with all options open, is so terrifyingly vast that they must cling to the resort and security afforded by familiar protocol. They hold ? rm the excuse that it is necessary and inevitable to ensure societal acceptance, and the vague general assumption that they are somehow different, somehow better or above their surroundings. They are not.All that separates them is their own idea of separation, they do not think themselves to belong, yet in reality ful? ll perfectly the 50s Nuclear Family suburban stereotype. They are everything they claim to hate in a way so natural they probably couldnt have achieved if theyd tried. There is no accompaniment to their facade, no face beh ind the masks they craft, no true identity oppressed by circumstance. All that they have is, as Frank puts it, the hopeless emptiness. This is reverberate in Romulus, but in regards to Raimonds perception of his father he sees him not as he is, but as an archetype some romantic abstraction.The novel is essentially a glori? cation. For Raimond, Romulus is a great man someone special whose faults could either be excused to someone elses inadequacy, his madness, or an overextension of his stubborn moralism him being too good. The events described clearly contradict this, however. Romulus was not remarkable nor extraordinary. He lacked ambition and intelligence (after not succeeding in gaining encyclopaedism he never again pursued any attempts at education, despite the fact that he had suf? ient ability and opportunity yet in referance to the event, Raimond makes the claim that He cried bitterly, not because of lost employment prospects, but because his love of learning would never be ful? lled. ). e wasted his skills in beautiful metalwork ( as the composer puts isHe was able to make almost anything to the most exacting standards, his work was unsurpassed in quality and speed, and My father was not merely skilled, he was a man of practical genius) upon the construction of what even his son admits is ugly furniture. e led a lifestyle that perpetuated the isolation that so caused him and those he love to suffer. In his life he never did a single thing that could be regarded as brilliant that was not to the end of his or Raimonds proceed survival and though for much of it he lived through great hardship, in the context of humanity it was not especially severe. The greatest insight to this is found in the ? nal pages of the book, in the speech delivered at Romuluss funeral, in which Raimond says (in regards to his father) that he never intentionally caused suffering to anyone.It would take a man of enormous stupidity not to realize that to in? ict domestic viol ence unto his mentally ill wife and young child would cause them signi? cant pain. The composer attempts to portray his fathers wrongs as a product of circumstance, removed from choice or free will but if such a stance is taken, there is no limit upon extending it to good deeds as well or, even to the very heart of a persona no line can be drawn between what is merely conditioning and what is ones true nature.It is ironic that in attempting to portray a man who espoused no greater good than real character, Gaita paints a nearly perfect archetype and ignores or downplays or re-interprets aspects just as real and signi? cant to who his father was as those which play to what he seems to want to see. Raimond in his perception of his father and the Wheelers in their perception of themselves seem to assume that, would it not have been for that which life had thrown at them, they could have been something much greater something truer to themselves or more realizing of their own potential. In reality, they had the whole world at their hands, and as much time at their disposal as any who has lived. They were exactly as they were, and null more. It was not circumstance that prohibited the ful? llment of these characters potential this was but a convenient excuse it was themselves the sad fact was that neither the Wheelers nor Romulus were actually so brilliant at all.Ergo, from a collective analysis of both texts, it can be concluded that, in the processes undergone by the individual in their integration to society and its inherent cultural groups, the conformity to an idealized human archetype, though necessary to belong, will inevitably deny individualistic actualization of the true human condition. Through the ideas explored in Revolutionary Road text, strong links can be made with Raimond Gaitas Romulus, My Father, to provide a signi? cantly furthered understanding of the concept of Belonging.

Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkins lymphomas (NHL) constitute a heterogeneous group of malignancies whose incidence has importantly increased in recent decades. In the year 2000, to a greater extent than 145,000 references of NHL were diagnosed in developed countries, re faceing thus the sixth near common cancer occurring among men and the one-eighth among women. Low-grade B- booth NHLs, in situation, ar incur equal to(p) diseases characterized by relatively slow evolve and excellent initial responsiveness to chemotherapy but also by unvarying retrogresss. In particular, for patients with follicular lymphoma, median overall survival (7-10 years) has not improved over the past 30 years. Although in the vast absolute majority of patients complete or partial remissions can be obtained with either single agents or combination chemotherapy, the clinical course is characterized by a high relapse rate. After relapse, some(prenominal) the response rate and relapse-free survival afterward subsequent sa lvage treatment regimens steadily decrease, resulting in a median survival of only 4-5 years after the first relapse. These clinical findings, coupled with the substantial toxicities of standard treatments, ingest stimulated the search for novel and more tumor-selective therapies.Follicular lymphoma is a clonal B cell malevolence that expresses a unique antigen that is formed by the immunoglobulin light and heavy mountain ranges that possess highly vari qualified regions at their amino group termini. These variable regions reliance to form the antigen recognition site, which can itself be recognized as an antigen, termed the idiotype. The antigen-binding site is a structural feature of each immunoglobulin that distinguishes it from other immunoglobulins. The idiotype of a particular clonal B cell lymphoma represents a tumor-specific antigen. Idiotype is a target of interest in human lymphoma.Therapeutic vaccinums targeting B cell lymphoma idiotype (Id) represent a promising imm unotherapeutic approach for a better clinical control of these malignancies.Immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules are composed of heavy and light chains that possess highly variable regions at their amino termini. B-cell malignancies are clonal proliferations of Ig-producing cells. The idiotypic determinants of the surface Ig can thus serve as a tumor-specific marker for the cancerous clone.Indeed, both protein- and dendritic cell-based vaccines that use the patient-specific Id select resulted in clinically significant tumor-specific cellular responses with very little toxicity. A broad use of Id-based vaccination for B cell lymphomas, however, is hampered by the fact that these approaches are patient-specific so that the vaccine must be individually produced for each patient. On these grounds, new strategies obviating the need to produce customized vaccines would further simplify clinical applications of idiotypic vaccines. goalsGoal 1Establishment of a large selective informationbase including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and continuing lymphocytic leukemia. This leave alone allow the naming of candidate Id proteins for cross-reactive immunotherapy.Goal 2Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization bequeath include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and exit allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring.Goal 3Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine.Goal 4Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration.Goal 5Clinical-grade production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination.IntroductionThere are approximately 65,000 new cases of non-Hodgkins lymphoma diagnosed each year in the US with a comparable number in Europe. Despite the use of aggressive chemotherapy and recent advances in therapy such as monoclonal antibodies (Rituxan, TM), the disease is almost invariably fatal. Follicular lymphoma (FL) patients, in particular, can have an indolent but finally fatal clinical course. The median relapse time for FL patients is three years, with 90% of patients dying of a tumor-related mortality within 7 years of the date of diagnosis.The clinical course is usually characterized by a series of remissions and relapses. Good response rates are seen with treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, lymphocyte transplantation, and monoclonal antibodies. However, following initial response to treatment, the cancer invariably returns and the majority of patients relapse with resistance to all available thera py. Related B-cell derived neoplasms include multiple myeloma (approx. 15,000 cases/year in the US and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (approx. 10,000 cases/year in the US).Isolation of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has been a commodious sought-after goal for scientists involved in both basic and clinical research. Whereas tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are localized on both normal and tumor cells, TSA are peculiar to tumor cells. This characteristic actualizes TSA a very desirable target for immune therapy strategies aiming to spare normal cells, or at least the indispensable ones.As regards effectors mechanisms, although some indirect evidence exists for participation of both natural killer (NK) cells (especially those activated by IL-2, known as lymphokine- activated killer, or LAK cells), and TNF-secreting macrophages in tumor immunity, most interest has been foc utilize on the role of antigen-specific antibodies and T lymphocytes. This is particularly true among scientists de veloping anti-Id vaccines for human FL, even though no substantial agreement has notwithstanding been reached on which of the two main effectors pathways is most important.FL conforms to the general rule that tumors have several mechanisms to escape the attention of the immune system. The risks that Ig somatic hypermutations could result in aminoacid residue replacements leading to substantial changes within the fine immunogenic structure of the Id do not seem to be so relevant. Indeed, no such occurrence has been report in any of the several dozen patients who have been immunized over the last decade. A much more relevant issue is the very peculiar(a) ability of FL cells to present their own antigens.Although ontogenetically very close to normal mature B-lymphocytes, with respect to their normal counterparts FL cells are very poor as antigen presenting cells (APCs). This makes it rather trying to evaluate any vaccine-induced, tumor-specific cytotoxicity even in vitro. On the oth er hand, no such problems exist for ELISA-based detection of the tumor-specific and vaccine-induced humoral response.The first study of anti-Id vaccinations in piece dates only from 1992. Until then, all the work had obviously been confined to animal models. However, the accumulation of experimental data has led to the development of several promising strategies that are presently being investigated in clinical trials. These include the utilization of the Id in the form of a water- oil-soluble protein or as a DNA sequence, either used to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) or else to be administered in combination with immunologic adjuvants.Soluble protein Id vaccine production is based on a hybridoma technique, which in vitro allows production of scarce the same Ig as that present on the surface of the clonal B cells of FL, or in other words the tumor-specific Id. The suspension of single cells obtained from a biopsy specimen almost invariably contains a residual population of normal B -lymphocytes alongside the tumor cells. Screening of the hybridomas by means of Ig heavy chain CDR3 PCR identification is therefore required in order to make sure that the Ig of the selected hybridoma is truly identical to the tumor- associated one.31 Once the cultured hybridoma has yielded enough purified Id, the TSA needs to be made far more immunogenic than it is in its free form. For this purpose, it may either be conjugated with a highly immunogenic carrier such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or else used to pulse autologous DCs.The association of a soluble protein Id vaccine with immunologic adjuvants monocyte colony-stimulating-has also proved extremely important. Granulocyte factor (GM-CSF) currently seems to be the beat out such adjuvant both in animal models and humans, probably because of its capacity for local recruitment of DCs in vivo at the site of vaccine injections. This step would bulge to be superfluous when autologous DCs are loaded with Id ex vivo and the n re-injected into the patient.A completely diametric alternative approach involves administration of the patients Id-encoding DNA sequence. With the rise of molecular technology, such DNA vaccines are beginning to come into their own. For instance, exploitation of appropriate molecular vectors (ie containing both a leader and promoter sequence) for insertion of the nucleotide sequences obligated for biosynthesis of both the Ig heavy and light chains variable regions is now relatively easy.Between the heavy- and light-chains variable regions sequences, an intertwined linker peptide must also be inserted to allow the ultimate Id-containing molecule (scFv) to fold properly. Furthermore, the vaccine can be further strengthened by adding other DNA sequences encoding for immunologic adjuvants or powerful immunogens to the vector. Finally, intramuscular injections allow progressive release of the Id following synthesis by muscular cells. In addition, this administration route seems to b e associated with prolonged conservation of the genetic training within the cells without any apparent signs of integration into their genome.Experimental DesignGoal 1Establishment of a large database including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This will allow the identification of candidate Id proteins for cross-reactive immunotherapy.In establishing a database, there will be steps to follow in order to support the evidences claimed.I. determination the cases and the occurrence of VH and VL in lymphoproliferative disorders in different hospitals and institutions that could leave alone valuable training for the said disorders. The facts and information should have the confirmed consent of the persons involved.II. Subjecting the cases to thorough analysis to provide the essential information infallible in documen ting the cases.III. Testing the subject under the identification of Id proteins.IV. Organizing the information and establishing the database.MethodsEstablishing a database to easily organize information and data postulate in making the information available readily whenever they will analyze situation in which there is a suspected occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorder. By providing the information needed, they could develop system that would make things easier for them to do actions required in addressing such situation.Primary step is consolidating all the available facts and information provided that they have the consent from the owner of the information. By having the desired facts available for the reorganization of it, they could classify it according to the general category they want to use in creating their database. It could be based on severity of the case or could be base on gender or any factor that could greatly affect the situation.Then, by gathering the informat ion they needed, the analysis of the data should be carefully done for them to eliminate excess and negligible data for an easier organization of the structure of their available resources. By implicating the main thrust of the database to the core belief of having advance cases of NHL, the higher chance they could get the information and the data based on the clinical findings of actual patients and people who suffered from that.By simply opening the way of introducing different vaccines in addressing the situation, they could develop a system of transferring and managing information that could make things easier especially in developing new technology and medicinal advancement in creating a better and more effective ways of treating such disease. By making the information more manageable, they could likely innovate an advance communication that would lead them in establishing better information and data management for the use of the development of vaccines and cures.Since they ha ve the information but they should examine carefully every bit of information that will be a part of their set of data and facts. By looking closely to the subjects result and the specification of the action done, the development of such go in introducing a new finding on the matter should be considered. Since the goal is to establish a database that will focus on the information that could provide the facts needed on the cases diagnosed with a NHL, it is important to screen the cases as important and not negligible for them to be able to use it as a case.At the end of the process, they would go back to their primary goal and that is to establish a functional database that the core information and the key factors are integrated in a way that it would make the processing of facts and vital data would be efficient and effectively handled.Also, it will reveal technology that would compensate the fast rising of development in expert advancement even in the field of medicine. Because there are ready to use valuable information for them to handle and initialize their desired action, they would be able to commend the different opportunities in which they could get specimens and studied it for future discoveries and researches.In all, by their incorporation of the cases of NHL and their desired goal of making the information available for them to be able to easily study and review the situations and cases they previously have for them to execute and evaluate the validity of the existing exams in the current occurrence of the disease in the satisfying place.Goal 2Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization will include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and will allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring.In dealing with the pre-classification of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, the processes involved areI. Accumulating soluble proteins to be tested.II. Testing them with hybridoma essential in testing the equivalence of the tumor inducing material that leads to development of the tumor.III. Inducing the effect of the proteins and identifying its effect on B cells.IV. Using advance technique in analyzing the result and implicating with the use of the modern testing equipment and processes.AccumulationTesting the proteins for it to be classified will be the first step. From the patients who are suffering from FL, different samples will be getting for the medical technology to be applied. Then by cultivating natural proteins, they will use it to further test the capacity of the natural cell in penetrating and deeply interacting with other Id proteins in the development of resistance to such marrow.By eradicating some external fa ctors such as the presence of other organisms, they could screen the protein level for them to be able to produce and test the Id proteins by exposing it to toxoids that could develop resistance on the desired solution. Then, the Id proteins gathered will be stored for further testing.TestingThen, preparation of the Id protein to be tested will be carefully done in a controlled environment. Since the tumor development can not be detected by the immune system, the development of inducing material will be necessary for them to penetrate the basic defenses of the tumor.By exposing it to NKL, tumor will correspond a different behavior but will not be extinguished. Since B cells epitope derived multiply myeloma that had been the major cause of the return of the behavior of the tumor cells, the procrastinating exposing it to be classified by soluble Id proteins will be dedicated.The allowance of certain percent productivity will be the basic goal of the clinical testing for them to be able to derive the pre-classification scheme that will determine substances that induce immunity on certain level with the use of soluble and Id protein present in the environment.Effect and its IdentificationAfter the testing had been carefully done, they will examine its effect on various elemental positions by trying the substance on the possible outcome. Then, FL cells will be isolated then proteins will be added to see the effect on the neoplasms produced by B-cells. Since the outcome would produce certain behavior that will blanket a different expected one, the process will be repeatedly associated with soluble proteins to target the development of TSA since it target tumor cells.Analyzing the ResultThen, the result will be analyzed in a way that it consistently produces same output. Then after looking closely and making sure that no other substance induced the effect, the validity of the result will be the coterminous concern in analyzing the data. For it to be valuabe, th e result should consist the scientific analysis of the vaccine to be introduced for them to be able to adopt a real one.Goal 3Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine.Since the protein had been introduced in TSA that would target tumor cells, it is important to develop the next stage wherein it will pay attention to that. Tumor cells, after being extinguished by some other methods, always come back and provide a worse situation that before. It is a common problem of the development of cure because as soon as they introduce stronger antigens and antibiotics, the cells develop stronger immunity to them, making them more powerful and gave them the power to come back and come back whenever they are defeated.The result of the previous testing of the material will be used as the raw data in determining the precise development of the vaccine needed for the tumor cells. Toxoids produced by microorganisms will be introduced to the tumor cells for them to create an surprise reaction wit h the cells to help the antigens produce a better shield to the tumor cells.They would also address the production of its own immunity by targeting the B cells epitopes produced by the tumor cells for them to be able to weaken the effect of the tumor cells in the body. By simply having the same effect on the cells, they would establish the immunity desired.In addition, since soluble proteins produces amino acid residue, the effect of it to the development of various outgoing tumor cells will be beneficial in the sense that it would catch up the screening proves by a hard core stimulation of heavy chain CDR3 PCR. Then, the use of material that would likely predict the behavior will also introduce for the existing antigen to determine it.Goal 4Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration.After having the result of the vaccine being tested hand-on on the tumor cells, the activation of the production o f antigens will be manipulated for those to be able manage the outcome of the result. By having the systematic chain of micro toxoids that will bring down the entire system of the body, they would likely produce different kinds of reactions that would benefit the production of self stimulating antigens.By exposing it to different procedures that would attest the certainty and validity of the desired production, after introducing different sets of toxoids and NK cells, the development of the self inducing multiple protein will help in eradicating the symptoms and the effect of FL.It is known that FL is fatal in terms of its effect on the human entire system. So it is important to devise a precise way of handling and dealing with it for them to be able to have an outer perspective of the natural phenomena.Id proteins will act as binders to the solutions that will be used in strengthening NK cells and TSA to promote the development and inhibit the further production of malignant deve lopment of tumor cells. By preventing the further growth of it, they would have larger revenue in which they could satisfy the needs and the improvement for having a stronger antigen.Then, natural growth of TSA will be affected by the inducing of soluble protein to target dendritic cells for them to be able to manifest the basic function of fighting exotic toxins that could affect the development of the tumor as a vital hint of the vaccine. The use of different methods in determining the feasibility of inducing the growth and the development of natural antigens that would be sufficient enough to fight the invading tumor cells will be of great use for them to be able t produce more antigens that will prevent the further worsening of the situation.Validating the use f the vaccine as one of the potential sources of defense against the foreign material invading the system would be beneficial if the could handle the needs of having a more systematized and organized level of founding a solution that would focus on the exclusion of cell processes that inhibits the growth of malignant tumor like FL that is fatal to humans.Subjecting enough NK cells to further strengthening process will help them in making the process worthwhile I making a protein Id that would address the situation as founding solution to the antigen development.Goal 5Clinical-grade production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination.After developing the vaccine the process would involve the followingI. Purifying the Vaccine to be prepared.II. Final VerificationIII. Mass ProductionIV. Patient VaccinationPurificationAfter devising the vaccine, the next step is purifying it by eliminating microorganisms that would have effects on the vaccine. By continuously subjecting the vaccine into different microorganism killing environment, they would lessen the potential of having such. Radiating and constantly developing processes will be sufficient in terminating such microorganisms .Final VerificationAfter the purification of the vaccine, a method will be done for them o be able to test if the results are very valid by having it tested for final verification. It is important to deal with it because the importance f verifying the vaccine would greatly affects its validity in the medical society. By having it tested trough lab rats or animals that have developed FL tumors they would be injected with such vaccine for them to see if the previous results will e the same.Mass ProductionAfter the verification process, the next process will involve producing the vaccine enough for human consumption. The proteins that deal with the development of TSA would have a various report on it validity and essentialism for them to be able to have a developed system of introducing vaccines.VaccinationAfter the production and the vaccine is ready to use, it would be given to the patients, as long as it is approved by the medical board, to be sued as vaccine against the developmen t of FL into malignant tumors that endangered the lives of many people. Then, by having the system of production of certain involvement of the NK cells within the hybridoma of dendritic cells, the vaccine will be of much use since it will introduce antigens that will prepare the body for the possible FL development.Since there are certain kinds of toxoids that will be introduced, there will be a harsh reaction at first to the place where it is injected because of the behavior of the toxoids and the T cells of the body. This is a sign that the vaccine is effective and doing a reaction that would strengthen the immune system of the body.DiscussionAfter the development of the vaccine in FL, it is important to understand the need of developing such because of its unfavorable effect on the development of humans. It endangered the lives of many people without having the prior notification of the said disease. This is a vital step in the clinical world.Considering the human race of the n atural antigens present in the environment, by the use of Id proteins that inhibits the growth of tumor cells it would be beneficial to mankind if the continuous development will take place. By exploring the kind of the interaction ventured in this kind of process, the elemental composition of the vaccine would be developed to address the needs of the people in having the desired implication of the subject process.The processing of vaccine would include the development of stages in which it would acknowledge the presence of the cells responsible for the development of the disease. In effect, they would have a better understanding on the subject, matter and would increase the possibility of having a curable state.By implicating the notion of having a different technique in addressing the development of the vaccine, the question left for it is how long would it last for them not only to develop vaccine but also to develop a cure that would forever block the negative effects of the di sease. By using and ensuring the safety of the user, they would have a proper citation of the needed plan for them to be able to execute the importance of the vaccine and its use in the modern life.Furthermore, by examining the application of the vaccine in the set of the disease, we would see the importance of development and use of innovating techniques in determining the possible outcome of the curing of the disease.Finally, the reflection of the process if it fits the standards of the medical consideration despite the fact that there exist different processes that involve much medicinal advancement should take into consideration the impact of the introduction of this vaccine prior to the ethical understanding of the matter. Since FL can be considered as one of the deadliest disease that one can have, the help of having a vaccine against it is beneficial to the human industry.

15 Basic Appeals

Advertising 15 Basic Appeals by Jib Fowles (from host Advertising As Social Forecast) 1. affect for sex- surprisingly, Fowles found that only 2 percent of the television ads, he surveyed used this solicitation. It maybe too blatant, he concluded, and often detracts from the product. 2. Need for affiliation- the largest number of ads use this approach you are looking for friendship? Advertisers good deal similarly use this negatively, to pull out you worry that youll support friends if you dont use a certain product. 3. Need to nurture- every time you see a puppy or a kitten or a child, the appeal is to your paternal or maternal instincts. . Need for guidance- a father or mother figure can appeal to your desire for someone to care for you, s you wont have to worry. Betty Crocker is a good example. 5. Need to aggress- we all have had a desire to get even, and some ads give you this satisfaction. 6. Need to achieve- the ability to accomplish something troublesome and succeed i dentifies the product with winning. Sports figures as spokespersons project this image. 7. Need to dominate- the power we lack is what we can look for in a commercial master the possibilities. 8. Need for prominence- we ask to be admired and respected to have high social status.Tasteful china and classic diamonds offer this potential. 9. Need for attention- we privation people to notice us we want to be looked at. Cosmetics are a natural for this approach. 10. Need for autonomy- within a crowded environment, we want to be singled out, to be a breed apart. This can also be used negatively you may be left out if you dont use a particular product. 11. Need to escape- flight is very appealing you can imagine adventures you cannot have the idea of escape is pleasurable. 12. Need to feel safe- to be free from threats, to be secure is the appeal of many insurance and bank ads. 3. Need for aesthetic sensations-beauty attracts us, and classic art or dance makes us feel creative, enhanced . 14. Need to satisfy curiosity-facts support our belief that information is quantifiable and numbers and diagrams make our choices seem scientific. 15. Psychological needs- Fowles defines sex (item no. 1) as a biological need, and so he classifies our need to sleep, eat, and drink in this category. Advertisers for juicy pizza are especially appealing late at night. Source Media Impact Introduction to Mass Media (4th Ed) Author Shirley Biagi, Wadsworth

Case Study Medici Restaurant Essay

In the starting question of the Medici Mediterranean Restaurant slip of paper study, it asks if there are any other survivals that Alissa might call for solving this problem. There are many other elections that are not listed in the study that Alissa could movement in this scenario to make Guido boil down to a greater extent on his job. In this particular case, the heading chef Guido has not been through air school like the owner Alissa has. Guido lacks the phone line skills that are imperative to keep a business well and running, leading to recurring late payments of bills and invoices, deliveries of product that are not on time, and a non capable wait staff that is hurting the business. Guidos focus is in the kitchen and it has become a struggle for him to ratio being a head chef, cooking food for numerous customers every day, and being a victorious manager. In Medici II, there is a lack of wait staff that does no help to Guido, putting free stress on him to perform to his best abilities as a chef. Guidos job is to en certain(a) eccentric food keeping customers, while managing the unblemished floor of the restaurant, all while keeping Alissa happy. One option that Alissa may consider would to put her experience of business school to use and to take on the entire business side of both restaurant locations.Meaning to find a distributor that delivers product fast and on time, eliminating the need to change the popular menu items. Alissa would have to take on all invoices and bills in both restaurants, reducing what Guidos job entails, leading him to focus more on being a chef, rather than a manager. Alissa would also have to decide which of the wait staff at Medici II is cost keeping, and go over the ones that are undisciplined. Hiring a wait staff that has experience in the restaurant business would take in both Alissa and Guido and increase the profits in both restaurants because of an increase in efficiency. A more undergo wait staff wou ld take stress off of Guido while he was in the kitchen, and would help him focus more on getting meals out to customers. Another option that Alissa may be able to execution would be hiring an assistant chef for Guido, who has experience aiding to a head chef. This option would leave Guido with more time for winning care of the business side of the restaurant, such as bills and invoices, deliveries, and the wait staff.It will also give Guido more time during work hours to keep up appearances with customers, which come to the restaurant to see Guido, and eat the food that he prepares. With an assistant chef for Guido, revenue will increase again due to a rise in ware output. The aid of an assistant chef giving Guido more time in the business, would lead Alissa to be able to stick around at the original Medici location, minimizing the trips that she would have to take to the Medici II location. Helping her focus more on the issues that eject in the original location. The second q uestion of the Medici Mediterranean Restaurant is to evaluate each alternative of the case carefully and to choose one that I think would be the best for this case. The first alternative option in the case is to maintain the status quo that Alissa already has in her businesses. This option entails Alissa and Guido sitting down and discussing a more manageable plan for handling office administration details at the Medici II location. In this option Alissa considers the idea of hiring a full time employee to assist Guido with business details, but Alissa is not sure she will be able to afford another full time employee at this time.This option is not the one that I would choose for Alissa to exercise in her business. Sitting down in a non-confrontational stylus and discussing the administrative side of the business and future of Medici II with Guido would be a step in the clothe direction, but would not get anything executed. Alissa has already talked to Guido about his work ethic and Guido has always promised Alissa to do better. The human relationship between Guido and Alissa is obviously not working. In this option, it says that she will try to figure out his future plans, centre she would wait to see if he is going to out-of-doors a restaurant himself or not. This option is cachexia valuable time for Alissa, time that she can be putting toward training a new head chef and manager for her business. The second option would be to discipline or fire Guido. This option entails that Guido has been repeating the identical problems that have been addressed on previous occasions.Alissa is worried that firing Guido would put her business in a competition with Guido if he decided to open his own restaurant. With no guarantee that Guido would open a business in the area of Medici, Alissa still thinks that disciplinary steps are futile. This is the option that I would choose. The problems have been adding up for Guido as an employee of Alissa. The business is losi ng money and it is at the point where something needs to change. Alissa needs to cut ties with Guido, and hire a chef that is responsible in making business decisions and skilled in cooking Mediterranean cuisine.If Alissa does not fire Guido, Medici II will eventually fail as a business, causing a major set back financially for Alissa. Alissa needs to take this risk of firing Guido, and not worry if Guido will open a restaurant, for that will focus her on everything but what actually needs to be done in her business. At this time in her business, there are more important issues that need to be interpreted care of, and keeping Guido at the current position would take away time that could be use toward finding a new head chef and manager that may very well be a better employee than Guido.

Mark Sexton and Todd Story

FIN 6130 Individual Assignment (case study) Case Study design Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of a manufacturing comp all have decided to expand their operations. They instructed you as their newly hired monetary analyst to enlist an underwriter to help sell $35 one thousand thousand in new 10-year tie downs to finance construction. You have entered into discussion with Kim McKenzie, an underwriter from the firm of Raines and Warren about which dumbfound attributes your company should consider and what voucher come out the issue leave likely have.Although your Bosses are aware of the alinement have gots, they are non convinced(predicate) about the costs and benefits of some features especially how they will affect the coupon locate of the adherence issues. This is much so that your firm is not a publicly traded company. You have been asked to prepare a memo on the effect of each of the following bond features on the coupon rate of the bond. It is expected that you wi ll vehemence on their perceived benefits. The bond issuer/the borrower/the bosses Mark Sexton and Todd Story Bond nourish $35 million Bond maturity 10 years Financing purpose constructionHired underwriter Kim McKenzie (Raines and Warren) .Case Studied Memos 1. The security system of the bond- that is, whether the bond has a collateral. Secured bond is with collateral, whereby the issuer pledged detail as bent-grasss in case of bankruptcy or un adequate to(p) to suffer debt. A bond with collateral will have a spurn coupon rate (interest/return) and depress the securitys risk save with higher credit ratings, which less likely it is to default. But the issuer subscribe to to ensure that the collateral is in good working order and cannot be sold until the bond is matured.Considering bond with collateral is panderd investment to investors, during default, the investors may receive all or part of the collateral in the care for of debt unpaid. Collateralized bond is also marketa ble to the secondary market especially if it is a non-publicly traded or listed company recognise among investors. In term of outlining the specific security of collateral attached to a bond, its best to effect clear guideline of what sort of asset eligible to be put as collateral and restrict certain rule of how the assets value can be sum up to secure the bond maturity period. 2.The seniority of the bond In case of liquidation or bankruptcy, senior bond has higher priority to be paid first compared to anformer(a) bond that is considered junior or the subordinated bonds. fourth-year bond gets full payment in bankruptcy which its covenant may restrict the borrower from issuing any future bonds senior to the current bonds. A junior bonds security ranks lower than other bond securities in regard to the owners claims on assets and income if the issuer becomes insolvent. Bondholders of secured debt (with collateral) must be paid in the beginning the holders of unfastened debt.Bondh olders of unsecured debt must be paid before preferred shareholders, and finally, preferred shareholders must be satisfied before common shareholders. In general, a junior security entails greater risk but gaps higher authority yields than securities with greater seniority. To be more appealing to investors, the bondholders should propose senior bond in able to offer lower coupon. 3. The presence of a sinking fund Bond sinking fund is a certified asset where the issuer is required to set aside money for redeeming sand or buying back some of its bond payable by deposited money with an independent trustee.Sinking fund is a partial take in charge to bondholders that will nullify the coupon rate. By having sinking fund, it allows the issuer to repay specific bonds value at a certain period or retire a portion of the bond each year until its matured. Its a great program but the issuer must be able to generate cash flows to determine the interim payments into a sinking fund or els e, face default. By having the presence of a sinking fund as collateral support of a bond, it promotes financial security which will attract investors to accept bond with lower interest grade.With the sinking fund, it will also stool benefits through taxation and enjoy capital gain. It also secured a good management of long-term debt in advance. 4. A accost provision with specified shout out dates and foresee prices Adding provision to a bond with specific call date and prices will benefit the bond issuer more than the bondholder but it will definitely gain the coupon rate. Able to repurchase bonds before maturity (or at a specified date consort to provision) is called callable bond (or redeemable bond) at a special price (not obligated).Any future payment to the bondholder is promptly and indefinitely cancelled once the bond is called. Recalling a bond with lower the debt and is hence liberated from pay interest on the called bond. Normally, the bond is called because the issuer no longer needs to borrow the money, or because interest rates have fallen and the issuer want to issue new bonds at a lower interest rate. In security purpose of long-term benefit with uncertain financial forecast, it is not applicable to issue call provision. 5. A deferred call accompanying the call provisionA bond with call provision accompanied by a deferred call will actually prohibited from calling the bond before a certain date. It is call protected or Period of Call Protection during the period of time which the bond may not be prematurely redeemed. During the call protected period (the cushion period), coupon rate payments are guaranteed but not later. After the call date, the bond may be redeemed by returning headway to the bondholder and ceased the coupon rate. The call provision accompanied by deferred call in a bond is to protect the bondholder from the falling of interest rates before the call date.A deferred callable bond may demand a slightly higher coupon r ate compared to a normal bond due to its callable feature as investors are exposed to the reinvestment risk assuming that the prevailing interest rates then is lower than the coupon paid by our bond on the callable date. 6. A make-whole call provision A bond with a make whole call (provision) allowing the issuer to pay off remaining debt early by making lump sump payment based on NPV (net present value) of future interest payments that will not be paid in cause of the call.This theatrical role of call should lower the coupon rate than the normal call provision with specific dates. Bondholders will receive the market value of the bond if it is a make whole provision which then they can reinvest in another bond with same criteria. The make whole call will be defined in the indenture. Normally, an issuer doesnt expect to have to use this type of provision, but if the issuer does, investors will be compensated, or made whole. Because the cost can often be significant, such provisions a re rarely invoked.Hence, it is recommended that the bond issuance should not have a make-whole call provision. 7. Any positive covenants. Discuss any overall positive covenants that your firm may consider. The presences of positive covenants (also called as affirmative covenant) protect bondholders by forcing the company to undertake actions that benefit bondholders. A positive covenant would reduce the coupon rate but will increase the trust of bondholders. For instance, it requires the issuer to cover the principal of the bond complete liquid assets must be maintained.More commonly, a positive covenant requires the issuer to have a certain come of insurance or submit to periodic audits. 8. Any detrimental covenants. Discuss any overall negative covenants that your firm may consider. A negative covenant would reduce the coupon rate. Remember, the goal of a batch is to maximize shareholder wealth. The presence of negative covenants protects bondholders from actions by the compan y that would harm the bondholders. This says nothing about bondholders. In example, the issuer cannot increase dividends, or at least increase dividends beyond a specified level.The downside of negative covenants is the bar of the issuers actions. 9. A conversion feature The conversion feature is a financial derivative prick that is valued separately from the underlying security. Therefore, an embedded conversion feature adds to the overall value of the security. The conversion feature would permit bondholders to benefit if the company does well and also goes public. Even though the company is not public, a conversion feature would likely lower the coupon rate.The downside is that the company may be selling uprightness at a discounted price. Convertible bond is an example of an asset that can undergo conversion. It gives the bondholder the option to veer the bond for an amount ( shape) of the bond issuers equity. Typically, the bondholder will exercise the option when the total value of the shares authorized from conversion exceeds the bonds worth. 10. A floating rate coupon Floating rate coupon is a bond with floating coupon payments that are adjusted at specific intervals.It is all known as a variable rate bond which has a floating or variable rate interest, or coupon rate. The bond is payable to the bondholder upon demand following an interest rate change. The rate adjusts according to a predetermined formula outlined in the bonds prospectus or official statement. Generally, the current money market rate is what is used to set the interest rate (plus or minus a set percentage). As a result of this, the coupon payments can change over time. A floating rate coupon or variable rate bonds market values fluctuate less than other bonds.

Life of a Corrections Officer Essay

macrocosm a chastisement policeman is non an easy line of reasoning. Each and e precise correction officeholder has a daily routine, direction, danger, and has to learn to gain compliance of every inmate. Every solar day in a prison working with inmates can be a challenge some days may seem easier than separate days. There is a daily routine and schedule that distri merelyively correction incumbent has to come to terms with. The tasks could be working in the yard to supervising inmates on the work crew. The jobs vary with each officer. entirely no matter which job, each one is or can be very stressful when it comes to main(prenominal)taining and memory inmates in order. Each job can be very stressful, but it is up to the correction officer to take disciplinary actions in a mannerly way.A correction officer has a job everyday to maintain control and order within a prison (Seiter, 2011, p.390). Every day each inmate has to be under supervision at all times and each cor rection officer makes sure that security is maintained properly. Each and every correction officer has an delegate job they aim to perform. There are usually seven categories that a correction officer can be assigned to. These categories include living units, work detail supervisors, industrial shop and school officers, yard officers, administration construction assignments, perimeter security and relief officers.Each Specific assignment has post orders, a detailed translation of the activities that are required to be performed throughout the day, often includes the time they are to occur(Seiter,2011,p.391). Post orders is to order the correction officer how to do each specific assignment. Each assignment that is performed has a time schedule. The correction officer also has to report a detailed report on the assignment. Every minute, of every day while the correction officer is on duty, it very crucial. For instance, one minute an officer may be walking inmates to their cells an d then the next minute, they could be breaking up a fight. The main part of organism a correction officer is to never show any signs of overhaullessness to any inmates.If any signs of weakness are shown, the inmates can and will use that against the officer and try everything to bring that officer down. With an inmate use an officers weakness against them, can cause a lot of stress and danger to the correction officer. try is very typical with cosmos a correction officer. Stress can come from overtime shifts, not affluent employees on hand, violence in the facility, or problems with other staff members. Many programs are available to help correction officers to lease with stress because stress will always be a part of macrocosm a correction officer. Job stress has been found to have numerous negative mental and fleshly effects on correctional staff. Cheek and Miller (1983) reported that correctional officers have a high than pass judgment likelihood of hypertension, heart attacks, and other stress-related illnesses.Ultimately, the health of the correctional employee can suffer to the point that it shortens the soulfulnesss life. Both Cheek (1984) and Woodruff (1993) reported that correctional officers die far sooner than expected as compared to the national life expectancy, and stress is the leading reason for the shortened life expectancy(Lambert, 2006). Stress is not good for a persons health and that is why these facilities offer options to deal with stress while working in such facilities. These trainings help the correction officer to help avoid the stressful situations and how to deal with their own personal stress. Counseling is offered for the correction officers and the families. This helps them to deal with stress and keep the levels of stress down.The dress hat way to help keep stress down is keeping a healthy active life, such as diets, exercise, and trying to maintain financial security. All though, stress seems to be an important ro le with being a correction officer, its not. The most important is gaining compliance from inmates. This means that a correction officer needs to deal with inmates without threatening them or disciplining an inmate without their being a breakout in the prison or the inmate rebelling against any orders that are given. It is not easy to gain compliance from inmates already in prison, many of whom rebel against all authority and are serving long sentences with very little to draw back(Seiter,2011,p.394). If any inmates do not follow any orders, the correction officer has the power to punish them in the appropriate way.The most important skill to use is interpersonal communication. This communication allows correction officers to treat inmates humanly as possible. If a correction officer treats an inmate with disrespect, it is most likely that the inmate will secure very angry and rebel against that officer. Inmates do not like to be treated unfairly, as they should not be treated unf air in any given circumstance. Every inmate has the knowledge of know they should follow rules and what they should and should not do.It can be very stressful being a correction officer. The main key is to have training to deal with stress and know what kind of stress they may be in for. Stress can come from many different directions and effect a correction officer, but as long as they know what they were getting into before they got into the situation, then they should be able to deal with the stress pretty good. As long as a correction officer can be fair and treat inmates fairly, then that can also help reduce stress and make the situations in the facility go a lot smoother.ReferencesEric G Lambert, Nancy Lynne Hogan, & Reva I Allen. (2006). CORRELATES OF CORRECTIONAL OFFICER JOB sample The Impact of Organizational Structuredagger. American Journal of Criminal Justice AJCJ, 30(2), 227-IV. Retrieved October 17, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID 1167641161). Seiter, P. 2 011. Corrections An Introduction. Pearson education inc. third edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Three Day Road

wandering Windigo of the Wemistikoshiw The fresh tether mean solar day passageway preempt be viewed as an explicit indicator as to the richness of sustaining heathen singularity, and the consequences associated with its absence from any aspect of hu humanness lodgelihood. The tosh provides a salient screen background finished and finished which this un locoweedny malfeasance is brought about, with much of its content harping of the supremacy of the wemistikoshiw, or white man, over the indigenes in macrocosm state of struggle 1.The raws atomic damper 63an setting manifests the primary ca map for the spectral bankruptcy of Elijah Weesacheejak, bingle of the themes central figures and the novels primary thematic microcosm. Influenced deeply by due westbound ideals, he is said to be a windigo which, as explained by the aboriginal bushmaster, Niska, is argue of referenceized by sadness so tenuous that it shrivels the human heart and lets something else gr ow in its place (Boyden 261).A polar opposite to Elijah, Niska recognizes the indispensability of apparitionalty rooted in tradition, and is equal to identify the Windigo as a logical point of intersection of wemistikoshiw ascertain. Her nephew, Xavier, is contumaciously against European conformity in much the same way, sacrificing natural well- man for the sake of the Cree horticulture which he cherishes and to which he hopes to return in the wake of the contend. It is clear that every last(predicate)(prenominal) of these three characters is negatively affected by the widespread influence of the whites, albeit to different degrees.Each characters summate of film to wemistikoshiw culture corresponds pro rata to twain(prenominal) their visible state by the novels end, and their specific aims of windigo-ism. Joseph Boydens Three twenty-four hours Road illuminates the Windigos corruption of identity through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cul tural adherence, contrasting health, and energetic family kins. Much standardised two sides of the same coin, Western and Aboriginal societies sh be a structural essence, save vary wildly in their primaeval ideals and respective emphases.Xavier is a strugglee of this distinction surrounded by the two pots, saying Im odd wondering what connexion there might be between their the European world and mine (246), in a manner which would suggest that champion must be grand to wholeness world or an early(a), but never both(prenominal) simultaneously. Xavier chooses to resilient by Aboriginal tradition, as exemplified through his frequent neglect of wemistikoshiw behaviours. A ordinary literary critic explains the signifi fecal matterce of naming in this respect, exclaiming that the various take ins ssumed by or assigned to Xavier and Elijah signify to what extent their identities are able to transcend or fall victim to the influence of the West (Gordon 7). The only Weste rn name assigned to Xavier is X in light of his extraordinary shoot preciseness (Boyden 109). Despite the names positive con nonations, Bird discards it, keeping to his original alias, which is bestowed upon him by his precious Aboriginal friends (360, 363).It is evident, then, that Xaviers neglect of the wemistikoshiw ways runs deep, and even when facing external, culture-based adversity, becoming an outcast is always a preferent option to abandon custodyt of his tradition. Un equivalent the other(a) soldiers, Xavier never acquires even the slightest appetite for putting to death, believing it to be uneconomic in the context of war, since there is nothing to be gained but fresh supplies of bloodshed (Bohr).Initially, Xavier is revolted by the piling of death soon subsequently he witnesses it devastate a German, saying, The image of the soldiers topic exploding makes may stomach churn (Boyden 88). In assemble to remedy this spiritual deficit he associates with let the lives of other be wasted, Bird turns to prayer, which keeps him centered and stable within the comfort of his cultural roots. anywhere the finished course of the novel, Xavier never once forgets the sizeableness of his background in regards to his current situation, meaning that he mud metaphysically anchored in spite of his foreign surroundings.Supplementary to Xavier, in terms of spiritual independence, is Niska, whose dread of the wemistikoshiw transcends that of every other character in the novel, and stems from both her experiential hold outledge of Western culture and the windigo. An objectivist to the core, Niska represents an exemplar of cultural wisdom, as described by Joseph Boyden I wanted her to be a affectionate cleaning lady who was doing this creation a char womanhood of the bush despite what everyone says about her and the toughness of her existence (Wylie 229).Niska is exposed to the horrors of the world at an primordial age, witnessing events such(prenominal ) as her fathers murder of one of her fellow Cree gone windigo (Boyden 45). This coupled with her being employ sexually by the Frenchman, who claimed to have fucked ahcahk, her spirit (174), out of lustful capitalism piddles a sodding(a) do of familiarity with the human condition within her. Niska realizes that the man-made society of the whites further pronounces the flaws of the human spirit, thereby differentiating between her culture and that of the emistikoshiw. She explains this difference early on in the novel, by way of her epileptic visions No one is off the hook(predicate) in such terms, not even the Cree of the Mushk egotismwuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth (49). In line of battle to foil the mingling of Aboriginal and European lifestyles, she tout ensemble refuses to submit to the entrust of the wemistikoshiw, even when forced to live in one of their perchntial schools as a childly girl.The bushmaster neglects even menial compulsor ies, such as hair-cutting, saying, They were expiration to remove the black hair that reached my waist as a symbol of wemistikoshiw authority, of our the Crees defeat (93). culmination from a vast line of Cree chieftains, Niska not only take toks to avoid the company of windigos, but too is obligate to shut away of them in the best interest of her fellow aboriginals (48). Niskas comprehension of egoishness presence in both the wemistikoshiw and the Windigo modify to her consequent avoidance of the two, and in turn, her unwavering state of impeccable spiritual stagnancy end-to-end the novel.Contrarily, Elijah succumbs end uply to the culture of the white man, becoming immersed in its ideals and pursuits to the point of morphing into a fully fledged windigo. The suit for Weesacheejaks uprooted spiritual state can be traced back to his upbringing, which consisted of an intensely ambiguous cultural identity. increment up in residential schools for much of his life, Elijah i s brainwashed into thinking of the Aboriginals as a backwards peck (56) by the nuns who live with him.The seeds of European identity clash with those of the Aboriginal culture when he is adopted by Niska, and resultantly, a fragile concept of cultural integrity emerges within him. This identity crisis contributes significantly to his fatal saturation into the wildness of the West, as described by the author Vikki Visvis Elijahs perverted determination is primarily the product of the wartime environment, which is an inherently Western endeavor (273). Elijah learns, very much unhealthily, that identity is malleable, and depends all in all on circumstance sort of than undivided character.This lack of oneness can be examined easy through his acts in The Great War, which consist of both the impulsive murder and the desecration of his victims (Boyden 310). Elijahs lack of cultural foundation is responsible for each of these atrocities, and he believes that by committing acts such as scalping those he kills, he is somehow able to absorb a arrogate of their spirit. Xavier describes Elijahs carnage as a spark which fills his belly when it gnaws for food (200), thereby pronouncing the young mans profound emotional imbalances.Elijahs reliance on the mastery he achieves by owning the embodiment of his victims is hauntingly reminiscent of the definition of the Windigo, and this is no accident made by Boyden. Despite his inferiority to Xavier in regards to his skills in marksmanship (78), it is he, not his Cree companion who yearns for the blood of his enemies. Such a skewed perspective which testifies to the irrelevant record of deterrent exampleity can be attributed to the boys faithless and marred upbringing.Like a true(a) Windigo, it is Elijahs lack of cultural backbone which provokes the collapse of his soul, as he contains no trace of the fundamental axioms essential in the bring into beingion of a spiritually healthy human being. Vividly reflecting the spiritual lieu of Xavier, Niska and Elijah, is their amount of mental and physical trauma, which is minimized when rooted in a fixed, adaptable personality. Xavier is the prime manikin of an single whose disposition itself promotes a fragile psyche, which contains a perilously low capacity for negative emotions.Caught in the compact of the Great War, there are many instances in the novel which expose Birds humane personality in order to provide a reason for the corporeal turmoil which he endures. Xaviers forgiving soul is illustrated multitudinously throughout the novel, emerging most prominently in his taking of Elijahs namesake after his death, despite the dark circumstances surrounding it (375). Not confined to sorrow based altogether on human tragedy, Xavier hold ups pity on even the lesser forms of life, which are senselessly destroyed as a result of the war.This universal respect for entities is present when he refuses to sweep the finishs dwell from his confine wi ndow. This defiance initiates his explicit description of Elijahs carrying out of the terrible deed Two birds are lifeless, killed promptly by the fall. The third raises its featherless head, bewildered, its eyes large and round above its small xanthous beak. Its billeticular wings beat frantically on the floor, then more slowly. The mother bird cries out. The shaver swallows lids sink and it ceases to move.I turn my head away from all of them. (Boyden 258) Inherently, Xavier is a character who easily becomes sick with depression due to his compassionate nature, keep him in certain situations, yet proving to be essential to his maintained Aboriginal perspective as his time spent in the war increases. He deems the west to be a strange place where the entire worlds trouble explodes (22), and it is and so inevitable that his extensive exposure to the war-torn battlefields of Europe instigates his severe mental strain.Discretely physical, alternatively, is his involuntary ingest ion of morphia, which only serves to numb his senses into weakness, threatening his life when he enters withdrawal (289). Despite these eminent dangers to Xaviers mental and physical state, however, it is his spiritual fortitude which enables both his mind and eubstance to be salvaged by Niska via the matatosowin, or purification service which customarily follows the three day voyage by which a Cree returns to his/her spate after a long absence.As explained by Neta Gordon, the event marks a certain constructive deconstruction, and a forward-looking magnetic dip towards ameliorate and hope (2). Xaviers symbolic pilgrimage represents not the death of his physical body, but the decomposition of the conk wemistikoshiw remnant clouding his sanity his addiction to morphine. In spite of the wide variety of factors hindering Xaviers will to survive, he is able to outlive his anarchic environment by accessing his actively followable and harden personality.Niska is very similar to her nephew in this respect, withstanding an onslaught of traumatizing circumstances back in Canada which test her bodily and cranial stature. Unlike Xavier, however, she is adept in her esoteric self-sufficiency (35), being able to distract her corporeal self from pending danger by actualizing her go to bed of anecdotes. The primary medium she accomplishes this through is her enfolding in name and address craft, which she uses to listen to and project tribal stories as a means of satiating her spiritual hunger (Bohr).A concordant theme embedded within the novel is Niskas own retelling of her life to Xavier, as corporal by a quote Words are all I have now. Ive lived altogether so long that Im Niska starved to talk (89). Even earlier in her life than Xavier, the Cree woman develops the aptitude for developing a thick skin via the harnessing emotions such as heartbreak for novelty to wisdom. Her exposure to the Frenchman is notable in this regard. It serves Niska as an impetus through which she begins to develop a mature, progressive observatory on life.Reminiscing about this boost to her spiritual immune system, she says, I was young, and the emotions of the young are as strong a pull as the arctic tides that suck fishermens canoes out into the bay to be addled unendingly (165). In this way, she is able to look back on the event of the Europeans warm discrepancy after their startle sexual encounter, and understand its arrogant, chauvinistic connotations (135). Upon adaptation to her current situation, she achieves a level of spiritual purity mutual to that of Xavier.With this in mind, it is only through the undamaged will of both Niska and Xavier that he is cleansed of the complete collapse of self which foreruns death (379), and partakes in the physical necessity (Gordon 4) which allows him to survive the ordeal. Were it not for the panegyric object lesson steadfastness of these two characters, each would have been subjected to profound devasta tion, with one of them perishing, only to leave the other in a state of mourning over the severing of her last, greatest familial connection.Such an anchored identity is necessitous in Elijahs life, however, as exemplified through his deteriorating eupepsia, which reaches its apex at his demise. At the heart of Elijahs ambiguous, conditional personality is his unending thirst for exhilaration as a form of immediate gratification. sodding(a) by the empiricism of the residential schools, which deny the existence of all aboriginal deities, Elijah thrives on the seemingly superior odor of adrenaline coursing through his veins.When Xavier ponders the spreading of a forest fire into the town they reside in before the war, Elijah responds with Can you imagine anything more glorious? (Boyden 142), thereby manifesting his twisted disposition towards fear, speckle also foreshadowing his eventual(prenominal) descent into lunacy. Lieutenant Breechs evaluation of the aboriginal people find s a portion of truth in Elijah, since metaphorically, his blood really is, closer to that of an animal than that of a man, (101).In order to subconsciously override this perverted perspective in favour of a religious outlook, he turns to the volunteer(a) use of morphine, which is present in high amounts amongst his brother in arms, Grey Eyes. When describing its effectuate, Elijah says It allowed me to leave my body and see what was around me. I see how it could be a very powerful tool in a place like this (128). By no coincidence, this passage occurs at around the same point where Elijah loses his acquaintance of the aboriginal tongue, and thus, becomes linguistically assimi slowd by his fellow soldiers.The morphine hollows Elijahs soul and accelerates his acculturation, causing him to dog sport and meaning from killing (283), through which he attains the spontaneous euphoria which he craves. Instead of discovering the spiritual watchword and purpose of which his life is bank rupt, he loses grasp on the distinction of reality and fantasy, with Xavier exclaiming latish in the novel that, he Elijah walks with one foot in this world, and one firmly planted in the other world (334).Additionally, the morphine ingestion was meant to rid him of his midland demons, such as his previously say animalistic tendencies. Instead, it only serves to sharpen these instincts, and feed them with a profound apathy that enables Elijah to live without fear of deterrent example consequences (212). This apace advances into an addiction which exceeds recreational foundations in favour of unbridled dependence, and is the primary reason for Elijahs eventual transfiguration into a walking anathema.As stated by the author, Vikki Visvis, Elijahs windigo state is part vex shock, part morphine emotional addiction induced by European contact, and part internalized racism erudite at residential schools (Visvis 223). Therefore, Elijahs downward spiral into death was not based sign ificantly on his employ of morphine, but his spiritual surrender to the drug. Over time his relationship with Grey Eyes (Boyden 313) becomes one which is entirely centered on the drug, and is therefore, not a true relationship at all, but an uninvolved, symbiotic connection existing only to satiate dark indulgences of a stereotypical windigo.The notion of relationships present in the lives of Xavier, Niska, and Elijah reveals, through their level of social authenticity, how completely they have become absorbed into the world of the wemistikoshiw. Xaviers relationship with the Ontario Rifles can be accurately described as precarious and fluctuant. He refuses to socialize with the vast majority of his wartime acquaintances met during the war, with the exclusion of war veterans Thompson and General McCann (317). Bird reveres the two, figuring that they have each tolerated war for many years without grab under its sinister pressure.The fact that Bird respects their capacity for bod ily toil without the use of morphine indicates an avid understanding of both the wars potential dangers, and its ability to corrupt those not unforced to remain immovably independent from its paradigms. When describing the nature of the Great War, Xavier personifies it as a monster which hungers for the bodies of soldiers (73), thus explaining the prayers he sends to Gitchi Manitou, requesting a safe return home to his aunt in Moose Factory (237). Consequently, Xaviers privacy from the vast majority of the Ontario Rifles flourishes, and is only ompounded by his unwillingness to learn English and loss of sense of hearing (227). Bird, however, is dynamic in his relationships on occasion, as with the case of his pseudo-lover, Lisette. Initially, Xavier believes her to be an innocent soul who is untouched by the hedonism and selfishness of the West, fleetly proceeding into what he believes to be a loving relationship with her (159). He is overwhelmed with feelings of aching for her not long afterwards, deciding to disobey the orders of his superiors and return to the town where they met.He is unexpected met with offense from the girl, who turns out to be not as authentic as she starting appeared You cant bridle, Indian boy, she whispers. My stomach feels as if it has been punched so hard that all the air has leave it. I am with another. He is upstairs (252). humble by the betrayal he feels upon discovering Lisette to be a prostitute, Xaviers isolation reaches its all-time peak. Despite being left with only affection for his heritage and aunt, he remains religiously disciplined when continuing his participation in the war.By the end of the novel, Xavier completely comprehends the nature of the Wests cultural imperialism and individualistic ideals. He recognizes these traits in Elijah, causing their friendship to decay at a breakneck pace. With the established practice of Niska in mind, he carries on the legacy of the Windigo-killer, and murdering Elijah fo r the sake of the sane. As described by Neta Gordon The role of the windigo killer is interpreted on because it fulfills the community necessity, and, in the case ofXavier, it is taken on rather inadvertently and fairly reluctantly (Gordon 11).Xaviers most endearing attribute, therefore, is his independence, because it facilitates his ability glimpse at his communal surroundings objectively, and make correspondingly clean decisions. The greatest example of an ethical figure present in the novel, however, is Niska, whose wild life alone in the bush proves to be the perfect setting for producing a terrene, detached shaman. In her epileptic visions, Niska establishes somewhat of a one-sided relationship with the conflict in Europe, which cultivates her interest of the Windigo psychosis scourging the continent.To this end, she ominously states The sickness of the windigo could spread as sure comme il faut as the invisible sickness of the windigo (Boyden 262). Like Xaviers use of Tho mpson and McCann as moral benchmarks, Niska leans on her family for moral support throughout the novel namely her father and sister, Rabbit. The salience of these two characters is the radically oppose symbol which they maintain in their relationship with the bushmaster. While Rabbit teaches the Niska unconditional love through fond memories (34), her father, the late hookimaw, or village elder, instills in her a primitive sense of respect and tradition.It is from these two characters that Niska is able to trail the last of her kin, Xavier, in the ways of the Cree, and ultimately, provide him with the emotional stability necessary to survive the effects of war through what Neta Gordon calls a detoxification process (Gordon 4). almost prevalent and divulging of Niskas connection with others is her role as a Windigo-killer, which implies an acute responsibility for making difficult choices which often contradict what is deemed to be civilized (Boyden 169).Ironically, it is Niskas sex segregation and right-judgment which give her the reputation as what Xavier, and undoubtedly many others call a good and loopy woman (221). In actuality, Niskas actions exude wisdom, pragmatism, and an authentic lust to obliterate the radiating wreckage of the Windigo. The malfunctioned motivations of a windigo cannot justify animosity on their own, and rely on the destructive actions of characters like Elijah to animate their nature.As described by Joseph Boyden He Elijah isnt grounded in his place or culture, and this ends up being very damaging to him (Wyile 230). constant ostentation is what is most easily evident in his demeanor, with Xavier pointing out a multitude of situations in which Elijah can be found falsely glorifying himself due to his emotional insecurity (Boyden 77). At one point in the novel, Xavier declares I look around and realize that I know very few men by name any more. So many have come and gone that Ive lost track. Amazingly, Elijah seems to know all of them, acts as if hes known them for years. 243) The white-washed Weesacheejak is only capable of establishing superficial relationships with the other soldiers by donning a mask (314) which, in reality, distances him further from his allies than even Xavier does. A will to dominate sprouts from his impersonal mount to friendship, resulting in the fiery approach to human interaction that is demonstrated in Weesacheejaks relationship with Peggy. When observe one day with Xavier, he says, quite irrelevantly, I am better than Peggy. He cannot take a scalp. He cannot do what I do (246).Elijahs attitudes towards superseding others are crystallized in his love for flying, since it entails an eminent level of importance in resemblance to civilization, which is largely terrestrial. Ironically, when he does experience flight for the first time in an aero plane, it brings him a great pain, (331) thus foreshadowing the untimely demise of which he experiences by the novels close, wh ich is brought about by his greed for contention. Most detrimental to Elijahs psyche, undoubtedly, is his swift borrowing of western customs and paradigms, which is demonstrated by his conformity to the warmongering attitudes of his colleagues.Elijahs bloodlust steadily increases throughout the duration of the novel, earning him medals of honour for his unmatched bravery in the face of battle (254). What these medals symbolize is a complete settlement of his family relationship with the Cree, a culture which preaches the sanctity of every form of life. Additionally, the medals indicate the completeness of Elijahs assimilation into Europes wartime effort, and the connotations of selfishness which fester in its nucleus.Deranged and unsatisfied with even this acknowledgement, however, Elijahs inclination for human kind continues to coiffe him to the point of unsuccessfully assaulting Xavier, and dying in the process. He is the epitome of a non-Aboriginal, having always having w hat Xavier calls a donation for the wemistikoshiw language (59). Elijah does not discover other people, which soils the seed of a robust relationship, but uses them as devices for augmenting his ego in a fashion typical of both an avaricious European and the Windigo.The purpose of Three mean solar day Road by Joseph Boyden is to introduce the Windigos infectious and corrosive potential for spiritual defilement through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. The degree to which these three protagonists repel or embrace attitudes sign of the Windigo determines their physical, mental, and spiritual condition by the end of the anecdote.The novels Wandering Windigo, Elijah, is portrayed as an individual who can find neither a form of metaphysical shelter, nor a definite identity, resulting in his subside into nothingness. In his downfall however, Elijah destroys the lives of hundreds, highlighting the necessity for Xaviers donning of the Windigo-killer from Niska. By way of extension, Boyden speaks, via the juxtaposition of Xavier and Niska in comparison to Elijah, of the importance of the righteous, and their responsibility to eradicate evil before it is able to worsen despite the contesting pressures of ones affiliates.Most importantly, the novel is Boydens plea to immerse children in the indigenous dimensions of their ethnicity and nationality in order to construct a strong sense of identity. An Aboriginal himself, Boyden describes Three Day Road as a antifertility tale (393) in which the human person is presented as a feeble, vulnerable entity which can only be sustained when its body, mind, and spirit are in communion with one another.The novel seeks to be food for thought, petition its auditory sense how they would respond to excruciating circumstances such as war whether they would be able to stay anchored enough to survive it, or experience the downwards spiral of th e Windigo. In the course of our lives, will we journey on the road most travelled, losing ourselves to the entropic tides of conformity, or pave our own path in order to live an independent, bacciferous existence?Three Day RoadArthur Joseph Boyden represents Carl Jungs idea that humans often create a persona in order to be perceived by society in a certain way through the journey of the main character in the novel Three Day Road. Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that war may impact person to become something they initially werent. That being said, homo War I, Aboriginal sniper Elijah Weesageechak becomes mentally and physically corrupted by the war, which results to his inevitable death. Further more, the loss of identity, his desire to become a war hero, and the use of morphine to escape reality cause Elijah Weesageechak to become a silent killer.Once Elijah joined the Canadian army, he immediately did what ever he could in order to blend in with the other soldiers. Elijah h ad initially been able to speak English so he could communicate with the white soldiers, for he was raised by nuns in a residential school. To hide that he was an Aboriginal man, Elijah chose to adopt a British accent and speaking style when among the other soldiers. Dear Henry, would you be a kind confrere and make me a cup of tea? (144). Elijahs decision to not speak Cree when around his peers was his hear to blend in with the rest of his former soldiers.Ditching his original Cree accent and adopting a British one was Elijah first step to creating his new persona. After Elijah became more familiar with the other soldiers, Corporal Thompson had chosen Elijah to be unconnected of a night raid. During the raid, Elijah and his best friend Xavier threw mill bombs into a German trench, thus killing the people inside. When Elijah returned to the Canadian trench, Corporal Thompson asked him if he enjoyed the night raid. Elijah responded, Its in my blood (75). By doing so, Elijah had g one against the traditionalistic Cree ways he was taught by Xavier and Niska.Instead he had modified his persona to embrace war and killing, which contradicts his initial ruling before entering the war. That being said, it is quite evident that Elijah had disregarded his Cree traditions so he could become someone who only cared about killing and to fulfil his desired reputation as a deadly sniper. In order for Elijah to prove his killing abilities as a soldier to his peers, he begins to collect the scalps of his killings as trophies. In the novel, Elijah asks, And what will collecting these trophies do for me? They will buy you honour among us Francis says. And we are honourable men (204).Elijah feels as though he has to prove his killing abilities by gathering scalps so he will be accepted and favoured by his fellow soldiers. During Elijahs quest on becoming a war hero, Elijah begins to enjoy killing and the fame that he receives from it. Elijah feels he must rise at every oppor tunity in order to be active his peers. An occurrence where Elijahs persona was shown was when the Germans were retreating from a battle, and Elijah picked a target far stumble in the distance and shot him. The Canadian soldiers around him cheered and said that they will never see anything like that again.Elijah arrogantly responded Until the next time you are with me in a similar situation (243). Elijah was unable to stop killing for he had become addicted to the fame he was rewarded with. This is revealed in the novel when Elijah says, Id go mad in a hospital so far away from it all (150). Elijahs desire to become a war hero caused him to partake in countless murders in order to impress others. He was able to do so with no emotion through his frequent use of morphine. Elijah used morphine when he participated in raids in order to get a sense of his surroundings.Xavier description of Elijah on morphine is explained as But when the golden liquid is in his veins Even at night the w orld is bathed in a soft lightHe can make himself float from his body at will and look down at the world below him (212). Elijahs natural talent for pursuit combined with his unhealthy use of morphine made him twice as dangerous. Without the morphine in his veins, Elijah became scared of the worlds, which lead him to use it more frequently. As he abused morphine, the real world became distorted. Without fear and pain, war was a game to Elijah.A game he enjoyed and became good at. Through the use of morphine, Elijah lacked an anchor to reality and because of this, killing became mechanical. An example of this is when Elijah and Xavier are on a sniping mission, they mistake a woman for an enemy and Elijah shoots her. Xavier angrily questions Elijahs reaction to kill the woman. Elijah defends himself by responding with I am trained not to hesitate in situations of danger (306). Elijahs response was robotic and emotionless. Eventually, Elijah starts to kill Canadian soldiers who get i n his way.Xavier realizes Elijah has been completely broken by the war and has to be put down. Xavier is forced to kill his best friend, for the war changed him into a man he no longer knew. World War I was evidently too much for Elijah to handle. In order to fulfil in with the rest of the soldiers he had to throw away his Aboriginal Cree identity and adopt a British one which eventually lead to Elijah performing actions that went against the Cree traditions. That being said, he began to embrace war and killing in order to impress his fellow soldiers, as his ultimate conquest was to become a war hero.Further more, Elijahs conscious was too powerful and filled his heart with guilt, which resulted in his use of morphine to conceal his midland emotions. With the aid of drugs, Elijah had become a mechanical killing robot whose thirst for blood was immeasurable. Unfortunately his boisterous actions were beginning to cause harm to his fellow peers, which resulted in the decision to kil l Elijah to protect the safety of the Canadian soldiers. Finally, Joseph Boyden illustrates the idea that the destruction of war may have an impact on ones inner self and that fame and acceptance is something one is willing to die for.Three Day RoadWandering Windigo of the Wemistikoshiw The novel Three Day Road can be viewed as an explicit indicator as to the importance of sustaining cultural identity, and the consequences associated with its absence from any aspect of human life. The tale provides a salient setting through which this spiritual malfeasance is brought about, with much of its content consisting of the supremacy of the wemistikoshiw, or white man, over the Aboriginals in World War 1.The novels European setting manifests the primary cause for the spiritual bankruptcy of Elijah Weesacheejak, one of the storys central figures and the novels primary thematic microcosm. Influenced deeply by Western ideals, he is said to be a windigo which, as explained by the aboriginal bus hmaster, Niska, is characterized by sadness so pure that it shrivels the human heart and lets something else grow in its place (Boyden 261).A polar opposite to Elijah, Niska recognizes the necessity of spirituality rooted in tradition, and is able to identify the Windigo as a logical product of wemistikoshiw influence. Her nephew, Xavier, is defiantly against European conformity in much the same way, sacrificing physical well-being for the sake of the Cree culture which he cherishes and to which he hopes to return in the wake of the war. It is clear that each of these three characters is negatively affected by the widespread influence of the whites, albeit to different degrees.Each characters amount of exposure to wemistikoshiw culture corresponds proportionately to both their bodily state by the novels end, and their specific levels of windigo-ism. Joseph Boydens Three Day Road illuminates the Windigos corruption of identity through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultural adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. Much like two sides of the same coin, Western and Aboriginal societies share a structural essence, but vary wildly in their fundamental ideals and respective emphases.Xavier is aware of this distinction between the two peoples, saying Im left wondering what connection there might be between their the European world and mine (246), in a manner which would suggest that one must belong to one world or another, but never both simultaneously. Xavier chooses to live by Aboriginal tradition, as exemplified through his frequent neglect of wemistikoshiw behaviours. A prevalent literary critic explains the significance of naming in this respect, exclaiming that the various names ssumed by or assigned to Xavier and Elijah signify to what extent their identities are able to transcend or fall victim to the influence of the West (Gordon 7). The only Western name assigned to Xavier is X in light of his extraordinary shooting precision (Boyden 109). Despite the names positive connotations, Bird discards it, keeping to his original alias, which is bestowed upon him by his cherished Aboriginal friends (360, 363).It is evident, then, that Xaviers neglect of the wemistikoshiw ways runs deep, and even when facing external, culture-based adversity, becoming an outcast is always a preferable option to abandonment of his tradition. Unlike the other soldiers, Xavier never acquires even the slightest appetite for killing, believing it to be wasteful in the context of war, since there is nothing to be gained but fresh supplies of bloodshed (Bohr).Initially, Xavier is revolted by the sight of death soon after he witnesses it devastate a German, saying, The image of the soldiers head exploding makes may stomach churn (Boyden 88). In order to remedy this spiritual deficit he associates with letting the lives of other be wasted, Bird turns to prayer, which keeps him centered and stable within the comfort of his cultur al roots. Over the entire course of the novel, Xavier never once forgets the importance of his background in regards to his current situation, meaning that he remains metaphysically anchored in spite of his foreign surroundings.Supplementary to Xavier, in terms of spiritual independence, is Niska, whose understanding of the wemistikoshiw transcends that of every other character in the novel, and stems from both her experiential knowledge of Western culture and the windigo. An objectivist to the core, Niska represents an archetype of cultural wisdom, as described by Joseph Boyden I wanted her to be a strong woman who was doing this being a woman of the bush despite what everyone says about her and the toughness of her existence (Wylie 229).Niska is exposed to the horrors of the world at an early age, witnessing events such as her fathers murder of one of her fellow Cree gone windigo (Boyden 45). This coupled with her being used sexually by the Frenchman, who claimed to have fucked ah cahk, her spirit (174), out of lustful capitalism creates a perfect storm of familiarity with the human condition within her. Niska realizes that the man-made society of the whites further pronounces the flaws of the human spirit, thereby differentiating between her culture and that of the emistikoshiw. She explains this difference early on in the novel, by way of her epileptic visions No one is safe in such times, not even the Cree of the Mushkegowuk. War touches everyone, and windigos spring from the earth (49). In order to prevent the mingling of Aboriginal and European lifestyles, she completely refuses to submit to the will of the wemistikoshiw, even when forced to live in one of their residential schools as a young girl.The bushmaster neglects even menial compulsories, such as hair-cutting, saying, They were going to remove the black hair that reached my waist as a symbol of wemistikoshiw authority, of our the Crees defeat (93). Coming from a long line of Cree chieftains, Nisk a not only seeks to avoid the company of windigos, but also is obligated to dispose of them in the best interest of her fellow aboriginals (48). Niskas comprehension of selfishness presence in both the wemistikoshiw and the Windigo contribute to her consequent avoidance of the two, and in turn, her unwavering state of impeccable spiritual stagnancy throughout the novel.Contrarily, Elijah succumbs completely to the culture of the white man, becoming immersed in its ideals and pursuits to the point of morphing into a fully fledged windigo. The reason for Weesacheejaks uprooted spiritual state can be traced back to his upbringing, which consisted of an intensely ambiguous cultural identity. Growing up in residential schools for much of his life, Elijah is brainwashed into thinking of the Aboriginals as a backwards people (56) by the nuns who live with him.The seeds of European identity clash with those of the Aboriginal culture when he is adopted by Niska, and resultantly, a fragile co ncept of cultural integrity emerges within him. This identity crisis contributes significantly to his inevitable saturation into the violence of the West, as described by the author Vikki Visvis Elijahs perverted determination is primarily the product of the wartime environment, which is an inherently Western endeavor (273). Elijah learns, very much unhealthily, that identity is malleable, and depends entirely on circumstance rather than individual character.This lack of oneness can be examined easily through his acts in The Great War, which consist of both the impulsive murder and the desecration of his victims (Boyden 310). Elijahs lack of cultural foundation is responsible for each of these atrocities, and he believes that by committing acts such as scalping those he kills, he is somehow able to absorb a portion of their spirit. Xavier describes Elijahs carnage as a spark which fills his belly when it gnaws for food (200), thereby pronouncing the young mans profound emotional im balances.Elijahs reliance on the mastery he achieves by owning the flesh of his victims is hauntingly reminiscent of the definition of the Windigo, and this is no accident made by Boyden. Despite his inferiority to Xavier in regards to his skills in marksmanship (78), it is he, not his Cree companion who yearns for the blood of his enemies. Such a skewed perspective which testifies to the irrelevant nature of moral philosophy can be attributed to the boys faithless and marred upbringing.Like a true Windigo, it is Elijahs lack of cultural backbone which provokes the collapse of his soul, as he contains no trace of the fundamental axioms required in the construction of a spiritually healthy human being. Vividly reflecting the spiritual status of Xavier, Niska and Elijah, is their amount of mental and physical trauma, which is minimized when rooted in a fixed, adaptable personality. Xavier is the prime example of an individual whose disposition itself promotes a fragile psyche, which contains a dangerously low capacity for negative emotions.Caught in the thick of the Great War, there are many instances in the novel which expose Birds benevolent personality in order to provide a reason for the corporeal turmoil which he endures. Xaviers forgiving soul is illustrated multitudinously throughout the novel, emerging most prominently in his taking of Elijahs namesake after his death, despite the dark circumstances surrounding it (375). Not confined to sorrow based solely on human tragedy, Xavier takes pity on even the lesser forms of life, which are senselessly destroyed as a result of the war.This universal respect for entities is present when he refuses to sweep the swallows nest from his cabin window. This defiance initiates his explicit description of Elijahs carrying out of the terrible deed Two birds are lifeless, killed instantly by the fall. The third raises its featherless head, bewildered, its eyes large and round above its small yellow beak. Its tiny wings beat frantically on the floor, then more slowly. The mother bird cries out. The baby swallows lids sink and it ceases to move.I turn my head away from all of them. (Boyden 258) Inherently, Xavier is a character who easily becomes sick with depression due to his compassionate nature, hindering him in certain situations, yet proving to be essential to his maintained Aboriginal perspective as his time spent in the war increases. He deems the west to be a strange place where the entire worlds trouble explodes (22), and it is therefore inevitable that his extensive exposure to the war-torn battlefields of Europe instigates his severe mental strain.Discretely physical, alternatively, is his involuntary ingestion of morphine, which only serves to numb his senses into weakness, threatening his life when he enters withdrawal (289). Despite these eminent dangers to Xaviers mental and physical state, however, it is his spiritual fortitude which enables both his mind and body to be salvaged by Niska via the matatosowin, or purification ceremony which customarily follows the three day voyage by which a Cree returns to his/her people after a long absence.As explained by Neta Gordon, the event marks a certain constructive deconstruction, and a forward-looking inclination towards healing and hope (2). Xaviers symbolic journey represents not the death of his physical body, but the annihilation of the last wemistikoshiw remnant clouding his sanity his addiction to morphine. In spite of the wide variety of factors hindering Xaviers will to survive, he is able to outlive his anarchic environment by accessing his actively ethical and tempered personality.Niska is very similar to her nephew in this respect, withstanding an onslaught of traumatizing circumstances back in Canada which test her bodily and cranial stature. Unlike Xavier, however, she is adept in her esoteric self-sufficiency (35), being able to distract her corporeal self from pending danger by actualizing her love of anecdotes. The primary medium she accomplishes this through is her participation in speech craft, which she uses to listen to and project tribal stories as a means of satiating her spiritual hunger (Bohr).A consistent theme embedded within the novel is Niskas own retelling of her life to Xavier, as embodied by a quote Words are all I have now. Ive lived alone so long that Im Niska starved to talk (89). Even earlier in her life than Xavier, the Cree woman develops the aptitude for developing a thick skin via the harnessing emotions such as heartbreak for conversion to wisdom. Her exposure to the Frenchman is notable in this regard. It serves Niska as an impetus through which she begins to develop a mature, progressive outlook on life.Reminiscing about this boost to her spiritual immune system, she says, I was young, and the emotions of the young are as strong a pull as the arctic tides that suck fishermens canoes out into the bay to be lost forever (165). In this way, she is able to look back on the event of the Europeans quick departure after their first sexual encounter, and understand its arrogant, chauvinistic connotations (135). Upon adaptation to her current situation, she achieves a level of spiritual purity mutual to that of Xavier.With this in mind, it is only through the undamaged will of both Niska and Xavier that he is cleansed of the complete collapse of self which foreruns death (379), and partakes in the physical necessity (Gordon 4) which allows him to survive the ordeal. Were it not for the complimentary moral steadfastness of these two characters, each would have been subjected to profound devastation, with one of them perishing, only to leave the other in a state of mourning over the severing of her last, greatest familial connection.Such an anchored identity is devoid in Elijahs life, however, as exemplified through his deteriorating eupepsia, which reaches its apex at his demise. At the heart of Elijahs ambiguous, conditional personality i s his unending thirst for exhilaration as a form of immediate gratification. Saturated by the empiricism of the residential schools, which deny the existence of all aboriginal deities, Elijah thrives on the seemingly transcendent feeling of adrenaline coursing through his veins.When Xavier ponders the spreading of a forest fire into the town they reside in before the war, Elijah responds with Can you imagine anything more glorious? (Boyden 142), thereby manifesting his twisted disposition towards fear, while also foreshadowing his eventual descent into lunacy. Lieutenant Breechs evaluation of the aboriginal people finds a portion of truth in Elijah, since metaphorically, his blood really is, closer to that of an animal than that of a man, (101).In order to subconsciously override this perverted perspective in favour of a religious outlook, he turns to the recreational use of morphine, which is present in high amounts amongst his brother in arms, Grey Eyes. When describing its effec ts, Elijah says It allowed me to leave my body and see what was around me. I see how it could be a very powerful tool in a place like this (128). By no coincidence, this passage occurs at around the same point where Elijah loses his knowledge of the aboriginal tongue, and thus, becomes linguistically assimilated by his fellow soldiers.The morphine hollows Elijahs soul and accelerates his acculturation, causing him to pursue pleasure and meaning from killing (283), through which he attains the spontaneous euphoria which he craves. Instead of discovering the spiritual intelligence and purpose of which his life is bankrupt, he loses grasp on the distinction of reality and fantasy, with Xavier exclaiming late in the novel that, he Elijah walks with one foot in this world, and one firmly planted in the other world (334).Additionally, the morphine ingestion was meant to rid him of his inner demons, such as his previously stated animalistic tendencies. Instead, it only serves to sharpen th ese instincts, and feed them with a profound apathy that enables Elijah to live without fear of moral consequences (212). This quickly advances into an addiction which exceeds recreational foundations in favour of unbridled dependence, and is the primary reason for Elijahs eventual metamorphosis into a walking anathema.As stated by the author, Vikki Visvis, Elijahs windigo state is part shell shock, part morphine emotional addiction induced by European contact, and part internalized racism learned at residential schools (Visvis 223). Therefore, Elijahs downward spiral into death was not based significantly on his overuse of morphine, but his spiritual surrender to the drug. Over time his relationship with Grey Eyes (Boyden 313) becomes one which is entirely centered on the drug, and is therefore, not a true relationship at all, but an uninvolved, symbiotic connection existing only to satiate dark indulgences of a stereotypical windigo.The notion of relationships present in the lives of Xavier, Niska, and Elijah reveals, through their level of social authenticity, how completely they have become absorbed into the world of the wemistikoshiw. Xaviers relationship with the Ontario Rifles can be accurately described as precarious and fluctuant. He refuses to socialize with the vast majority of his wartime acquaintances met during the war, with the exception of war veterans Thompson and General McCann (317). Bird reveres the two, figuring that they have each tolerated war for many years without cracking under its sinister pressure.The fact that Bird respects their capacity for bodily toil without the use of morphine indicates an avid understanding of both the wars potential dangers, and its ability to corrupt those not willing to remain immovably independent from its paradigms. When describing the nature of the Great War, Xavier personifies it as a monster which hungers for the bodies of soldiers (73), thus explaining the prayers he sends to Gitchi Manitou, requesti ng a safe return home to his aunt in Moose Factory (237). Consequently, Xaviers seclusion from the vast majority of the Ontario Rifles flourishes, and is only ompounded by his unwillingness to learn English and loss of hearing (227). Bird, however, is dynamic in his relationships on occasion, as with the case of his pseudo-lover, Lisette. Initially, Xavier believes her to be an innocent soul who is untouched by the hedonism and selfishness of the West, swiftly proceeding into what he believes to be a loving relationship with her (159). He is overwhelmed with feelings of aching for her not long afterwards, deciding to disobey the orders of his superiors and return to the town where they met.He is unexpected met with animosity from the girl, who turns out to be not as authentic as she first appeared You cant stay, Indian boy, she whispers. My stomach feels as if it has been punched so hard that all the air has left it. I am with another. He is upstairs (252). Crushed by the betrayal h e feels upon discovering Lisette to be a prostitute, Xaviers isolation reaches its all-time peak. Despite being left with only affection for his heritage and aunt, he remains religiously disciplined when continuing his participation in the war.By the end of the novel, Xavier completely comprehends the nature of the Wests cultural imperialism and individualistic ideals. He recognizes these traits in Elijah, causing their friendship to decay at a breakneck pace. With the established practice of Niska in mind, he carries on the legacy of the Windigo-killer, and murdering Elijah for the sake of the sane. As described by Neta Gordon The role of the windigo killer is taken on because it fulfills the community necessity, and, in the case ofXavier, it is taken on rather inadvertently and somewhat reluctantly (Gordon 11).Xaviers most endearing attribute, therefore, is his independence, because it facilitates his ability glimpse at his communal surroundings objectively, and make corresponding ly righteous decisions. The greatest example of an ethical figure present in the novel, however, is Niska, whose wild life alone in the bush proves to be the perfect setting for producing a terrene, detached shaman. In her epileptic visions, Niska establishes somewhat of a one-sided relationship with the conflict in Europe, which cultivates her interest of the Windigo psychosis scourging the continent.To this end, she ominously states The sickness of the windigo could spread as surely as the invisible sickness of the windigo (Boyden 262). Like Xaviers use of Thompson and McCann as moral benchmarks, Niska leans on her family for moral support throughout the novel namely her father and sister, Rabbit. The salience of these two characters is the radically opposing symbolism which they maintain in their relationship with the bushmaster. While Rabbit teaches the Niska unconditional love through fond memories (34), her father, the late hookimaw, or village elder, instills in her a primiti ve sense of respect and tradition.It is from these two characters that Niska is able to educate the last of her kin, Xavier, in the ways of the Cree, and ultimately, provide him with the emotional stability necessary to survive the effects of war through what Neta Gordon calls a detoxification process (Gordon 4). Most prevalent and divulging of Niskas connection with others is her role as a Windigo-killer, which implies an acute responsibility for making difficult choices which often contradict what is deemed to be civilized (Boyden 169).Ironically, it is Niskas solitude and right-judgment which give her the reputation as what Xavier, and undoubtedly many others call a good and crazy woman (221). In actuality, Niskas actions exude wisdom, pragmatism, and an authentic desire to obliterate the radiating wreckage of the Windigo. The malfunctioned motivations of a windigo cannot warrant animosity on their own, and rely on the destructive actions of characters like Elijah to animate the ir nature.As described by Joseph Boyden He Elijah isnt grounded in his place or culture, and this ends up being very damaging to him (Wyile 230). Incessant boasting is what is most easily evident in his demeanor, with Xavier pointing out a multitude of situations in which Elijah can be found falsely glorifying himself due to his emotional insecurity (Boyden 77). At one point in the novel, Xavier declares I look around and realize that I know very few men by name any more. So many have come and gone that Ive lost track. Amazingly, Elijah seems to know all of them, acts as if hes known them for years. 243) The white-washed Weesacheejak is only capable of establishing superficial relationships with the other soldiers by donning a mask (314) which, in reality, distances him further from his allies than even Xavier does. A will to dominate sprouts from his impersonal approach to friendship, resulting in the fiery approach to human interaction that is demonstrated in Weesacheejaks relatio nship with Peggy. When scouting one day with Xavier, he says, quite irrelevantly, I am better than Peggy. He cannot take a scalp. He cannot do what I do (246).Elijahs attitudes towards superseding others are crystallized in his love for flying, since it entails an elevated level of importance in comparison to civilization, which is largely terrestrial. Ironically, when he does experience flight for the first time in an aero plane, it brings him a great pain, (331) thus foreshadowing the untimely demise of which he experiences by the novels close, which is brought about by his greed for contention. Most detrimental to Elijahs psyche, undoubtedly, is his swift acceptance of western customs and paradigms, which is demonstrated by his conformity to the warmongering attitudes of his colleagues.Elijahs bloodlust steadily increases throughout the duration of the novel, earning him medals of honour for his unmatched bravery in the face of battle (254). What these medals symbolize is a compl ete forfeit of his kinship with the Cree, a culture which preaches the sanctity of every form of life. Additionally, the medals indicate the completeness of Elijahs assimilation into Europes wartime effort, and the connotations of selfishness which fester in its nucleus.Deranged and unsatisfied with even this acknowledgement, however, Elijahs desire for human flesh continues to define him to the point of unsuccessfully assaulting Xavier, and dying in the process. He is the epitome of a non-Aboriginal, having always having what Xavier calls a gift for the wemistikoshiw language (59). Elijah does not discover other people, which soils the seed of a robust relationship, but uses them as devices for augmenting his ego in a fashion typical of both an avaricious European and the Windigo.The purpose of Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden is to introduce the Windigos infectious and corrosive potential for spiritual defilement through the personalities of Xavier, Niska and Elijah via their cultu ral adherence, contrasting health, and dynamic relationships. The degree to which these three protagonists repel or embrace attitudes characteristic of the Windigo determines their physical, mental, and spiritual condition by the end of the anecdote.The novels Wandering Windigo, Elijah, is portrayed as an individual who can find neither a form of metaphysical shelter, nor a definite identity, resulting in his decline into nothingness. In his downfall however, Elijah destroys the lives of hundreds, highlighting the necessity for Xaviers donning of the Windigo-killer from Niska. By way of extension, Boyden speaks, via the juxtaposition of Xavier and Niska in comparison to Elijah, of the importance of the righteous, and their responsibility to eradicate evil before it is able to worsen despite the contesting pressures of ones affiliates.Most importantly, the novel is Boydens plea to immerse children in the indigenous dimensions of their ethnicity and nationality in order to construct a strong sense of identity. An Aboriginal himself, Boyden describes Three Day Road as a cautionary tale (393) in which the human person is presented as a feeble, vulnerable entity which can only be sustained when its body, mind, and spirit are in communion with one another.The novel seeks to be food for thought, asking its audience how they would respond to excruciating circumstances such as war whether they would be able to stay anchored enough to survive it, or experience the downwards spiral of the Windigo. In the course of our lives, will we journey along the road most travelled, losing ourselves to the entropic tides of conformity, or pave our own path in order to live an independent, fruitful existence?