Perspectives

Pavlov (1927), pause of classical conditioning used dogs in his look intos. The key terms in spite of appearance his experiment were input and reception. The unconditi iodined stimulus of the kidskins upkeep would be the presence of animals and the un learned solution would be the conduct of crying. The unconditioned response would perform conditioned as Its associated with the stimulus (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). mule driver (1966) conk outed operant conditioning, steering on reinforcement or penalisation to elicit changes in demeanor.He ready reenforce behavior hold outs strengthened and repeated whereas behavior non reinforced becomes extinct and weakened. For squirt X, his previous experience with animals whitethorn constitute been damaging wherefore he whitethorn prefer the experience not to issue forth again (M naughtilyer, 2011). Watson (1924) believed Individual differences and experiences mould our behavior as stress below. Give me a dozen healthy infan ts, well-formed, and my give birth specific world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select (quoted in Schaffer, 2004, peg. 336). Influenced by Pavlov, Watson believed behavior can be controlled finished and through mind relationships between stimulus and response. barbarian Axs home or educational cathode-ray oscilloscope could change to adapt a positron emission tomography policy within the purlieu, to become confident(p) to eradicate his fear. Bandeau (1986) emphasized on behavior as imitation with tetrad elements attention, mental representation, mitotic response and motivation. claw X could father seen someone showing negative affection towards an animal (attention geting him to remember his observations (mental representation).This whitethorn be the reason as to how he be sports In the same way (mitotic response) when he felt the urge to cry (motivation) (Levine, Munich, 2011 This speculation highlights people learn from imitation as a direct reinforcement of their own behavior within their environment. The psychodrama ascend focuses on the role of internal processes. In fictile psycheality, and thereby behavior. (Clansman, Had, 2009, peg. 224) our pre conscious(p) header or they be totally inaccessible within our unconscious(p) mind.Our unconscious thoughts can become conscious through dream interpretation, free acquaintance and transference. Many unconscious thoughts atomic number 18 experiences better forgotten (Gross, 2010). Child X could have experienced a negative possibility with animals causing him to erase this event from his mind. Freud recognize three structures of personality resulting in clashes. gray-haired is the basic personality wanting e precisething and forget do anything to feed its desires through run a pleasure principle. For child X, the id would irritate him cry while looking at animals making it uncontroll qualified.S uperego is the sensible structure conditioned by the environment and has a moral sense of twain right and wrong, so would identify child X not to judge attention by crying. Ego is a mediator between id and superego therefore controls both structures (Hermann, 1994). However, as child X grows older, his superego ill control his id through moral principles resisting temptations of crying. Humanists argon optimistic and recognize behavior through own free will (Gross, 2010). stonemason (1968) and Rogers (1951) touched personal growth and fulfilment in life as basic gay nature.Both theorists violence on growth and fulfillment for a person to be able to self-actualities (Nee, 1996). Mason believes individuals have capability to build towards the level of self- actualization highlighted through class-conscious st matures (see appendix 1). However, if there is a blow to meet light level needs, onward motion to the next symbolize is delayed. Although there are many needs to be m et at the bottom there is a authority to achieve for all (Nee, 1996). Child X may have experienced a dangerous situation with an animal therefore his safety needs would need to be met for him to work up onto the next stage.Rogers believed humans have one basic aim to self-actualities by fulfilling their own potential. His theory highlights self-consciousness as the real self and the ideal self. world able to achieve what one is commensurate of allows self-actualization and positive regard from others to promote self-esteem (Doherty, Hughes, 2009). If child X was shown positive regard when in the presence of animals, he may remove his fear and begin to self-actualities. cognitive psychology is concerned with Perception, learning, memory, language, emotion, concept governing body and thinking. (Essence, 1995, peg. L) Cosmogonists view people and their environment as important. Piglets (1969) constructivist theory is based on age ability of stage learning. His theory describes c hildrens survey on their world (Levine, Munich, 2011). Pigged identified four stages of learning (see appendix 2) believing away experiences shape childrens organization of the world. Reflecting on Piglets stages, child X would be in the very early stages of the pre-operational stage as he cannot see his fear of animals from another place.Using emblematic features within this stage may allow him to make links between human race and fantasy (Dates, Grayson, 2004) forming close links to the psychodrama forward motion regarding accessing the unconscious mind. Child X may not access his unconscious mind due to unpleasant past experience. Weights (1978) emphasized social interactions through scaffolding and understanding of the world (Curtis, Change, 2005). Like Pigged, he constructed a stage theory (see appendix 3). Child X may understand emotions and experiences if association is stored within him.Making him understand there is vigor to fear about with animals, may be beyond h is intellectual capability because of his world(a) developmental delay. He may not have reached the stage of maturity within ZAP to remove his fears. However, through reconstructive memory and social interactions, he may become used to the presence of animals within his environment. The heathen context within stages may regularize his fear as family contexts may affect a no pets policy, Hereford imitating the family attitude.Behaviorists emphasis on connections between the environment and the behavior and ignore physiological and cognitive events occurring. Pavlov and Skinner experimented on animals whereas Bandeau and Watson experimented with children. The behaviorism sight is concerned with nurture as the environment is the stimulus of its theories. It does not take into perspective holism, therefore against the humanistic approach (Clansman, Had, 2009). Humanists found the psychodrama approach to be too pessimistic in comparison to their optimistic approach.This approach is i ndividualistic and studies internal world of the person rather than external. Measles hierarchy suggests pathetic upwards in regards to achievement comparable to the stage theories for other perspectives. Although his theory is not age related, it is similar to Hoosegows as individuals progress accordingly. However, Pigged identified children cannot progress onto the next stage without having developed fully in the previous. solely these theorists have one thing in common failure to meet lower level needs results in a delay or fixation to develop (Gross, 2010).